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Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

numonic

SLUDGEM

Cholinergics

A

S Salivation, sweating
L Lacrimation
(excessive tearing of
the eyes)
U Urination
D Defecation, drooling,
diarrhea
G Gastric upset and
cramps
E Emesis (vomiting)
M Muscle
twitching/miosis
(pinpoint pupils)

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2
Q

Chemical exposure routes

A
  • Inhalation
  • Absorption
  • Ingestion
  • Injection
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3
Q

Name of some poisons a patient could Inhale

A

natural gas, sewer gas,
certain pesticides, carbon monoxide, and chlorine

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4
Q

Types of poisons

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

A

diazepam,
secobarbital, temazepam, midazolam

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5
Q

Types of poisons

Sympathomimetics

A

mephedrone,
cocaine, methamphetamine

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6
Q

How do you manage paitents effected by poisons

A
  • Always monitor ABCs
  • Provide Oxygen
  • Remove rings, watches, bracelets, necklaces
  • Rapid transport
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7
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Opiates & Opioids

Codeine, morphine, heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone

A
  • Hypoventilation
  • Pinpoint pupils
  • sedation
  • hypotension
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8
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Sympathomimetics

Cocaine, meth, mephedrone

A
  • Dilated pupils
  • hypertension
  • tachycardia
  • hyperthermia
  • agitation or seizures
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9
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Sedative-hypnotics

diazepam, secobarbital, temazepam, midazolam

A
  • Slurred speech
  • sedation or coma
  • hypoventilation
  • hypotension
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10
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Anticholinergics

atropine, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine,
doxylamine, Datura stramonium [jimsonweed])

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Hyperthermia
  • Hypertension
  • Dilated pupils
  • Dry skin and mucous membranes
  • Sedation, agitation, seizures, coma, or delirium
  • Decreased bowel sounds
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11
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Cholinergics

organophosphates, pilocarpine, nerve gas

A
  • Airway compromise
  • SLUDGEM numonic
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12
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Inhaled Poisons

A
  • burning eyes
  • sore throat
  • cough
  • chest pain
  • wheezing
  • respiratory distress
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • AMS
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13
Q

What are some types of Absorbed and surface contact poisons?

A

poison ivy or poison oak

may cause an itchy rash without being dangerous to the patient’s health.

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14
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Absorbed poisons

A

liquid or powder on a patient’s skin, burns, itching, irritation, redness of the skin in light-skinned people, history of exposure

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15
Q

If a dry powder poision/toxin has been spilled, what do you do?

A

thoroughly brush off the chemical (avoid creating a dust cloud), flush the skin with clean water for 15 to 20 minutes, and then wash the skin with
soap and water

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16
Q

If a liquid poision/toxin has been spilled, what do you do?

A

Flood the affected part for 15 to 20 minutes

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17
Q

If the patient has a chemical
agent in the eyes what do you do?

A

irrigate them quickly and thoroughly

To avoid contaminating the other eye as you irrigate the affected eye, make sure the fluid runs from the bridge of the nose outward

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18
Q

Name some ingestable poisons

A

liquids, household cleaners, contaminated food, plants, and, in most cases, drugs

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19
Q

True or false

Injected poisons cannot be diluted or removed from the body in the field

A

True

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20
Q

Signs & Symptoms

Poisoning by injection

A

weakness, dizziness, fever, chills, slow breathing, and unresponsiveness, or the patient may be easily excited.

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21
Q

Alcohol is a powerful what?

A

CNS depressant

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22
Q

Many abused inhalants produce several of the same CNS effects as what?

A

sedative-hypnotics

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23
Q

What is abused inhalants MOA?

A

these substances briefly displace oxygen in the brain and cause a rush of euphoria

24
Q

Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents can make the heart hypersensitive to the patient’s own adrenaline, this puts the patient at high risk of what?

A

sudden cardiac death because of ventricular fibrillation; even the action of walking may release enough adrenaline to cause a fatal ventricular dysrhythmia

You must try to keep such patients from struggling with you or exerting themselves

25
# Define Hydrogen Sulfide
A highly toxic, colorless, and flammable gas with a distinctive rotten-egg odor ## Footnote Hydrogen sulfide affects all organs, but it has the most impact on the lungs and CNS
26
Where does hydrogen sulfide naturally?
sewers, swamps, volcanoes, and crude petroleum
27
# Define Sympathomimetics
CNS stimulants that mimic the effects of the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nervous system ## Footnote These stimulants frequently cause hypertension, tachycardia, and dilated pupils
28
Patients experiencing Acute cocaine overdose are at high risk of what?
seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, and stroke
29
# Define cocaine bugs
patients with “cocaine bugs” think that bugs are crawling out of their skin ## Footnote Chronic cocaine abuse may cause hallucinations
30
How long does the effects of bath salts last?
up to 48 hrs
31
Name some adverse effects of bath salts
* teeth grinding * appetite loss * muscle twitching * lipsmacking * confusion * gastrointestinal conditions * paranoia * headache * elevated heart rate * hallucinations
32
What is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?
chronic marijuana use and extreme nausea and vomiting that is relieved only by a hot shower or bath
33
Name some common Hallucinogens
* Shroms * LSD * PCP * Ketamine * DMT
34
# Define Anticholinergic Agents
medications that block the parasympathetic nerves
35
# Signs & Symptoms Anticholinergic Agents
patient will exhibit hyperthermia, dilated pupils, dry skin and mucous membranes, reddened skin, and agitation or delirium ## Footnote “hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and mad as a hatter.”
36
# Define Cholinergic Agents
They overstimulate the normal body functions controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. ## Footnote These agents also occur in organophosphate insecticides, which are commonly used for lawn and garden care
37
# Signs & Symptoms Cholinergic agent
exhibit excessive salivation or drooling; mucous membrane oversecretion, resulting in a runny nose (rhinorrhea); excessive urination; excessive tearing of the eyes; uncontrolled diarrhea; and an abnormal heart rate
38
# Signs & Symptoms Asprin poisoning
nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, ringing in the ears, anxiety, confusion, tachypnea, and hyperthermia, and are in danger of having seizures
39
40
What 2 alcohols are more toxic than ethyl alcohol? ## Footnote Drinking alcohol
methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol
41
Where is methyl alcohol found?
in dry gas products and stove kits
42
Ethylene glycol is found where?
some antifreeze products
43
What causes food poisoning?
eating food that is contaminated by bacteria
44
# Define Salmonellosis
a condition characterized by severe gastrointestinal symptoms within 72 hours of ingestion, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
45
Whats the most common cause of food poisoning?
ingestion of powerful toxins produced by bacteria, often in leftovers. ## Footnote bacterium Staphylococcus
46
# Signs & Symptoms staphylococcal food poisoning
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
47
How long does it take for symptoms to start for someone experiencing staphylococcal food poisoning?
within 2 to 3 hours after ingestion or as long as 8 to 12 hours after ingestion.
48
The most severe form of toxin ingestion is
Botulism ## Footnote results from eating improperly canned food, in which the spores of Clostridium bacteria have grown and produced a toxin
49
# Signs & Symptoms Botulism
blurring of vision, weakness, and difficulty in speaking and breathing ## Footnote Symptoms of botulism may develop as long as 4 days after ingestion or as early as the first 24 hours
50
Delirium tremens (DTs)
A severe withdrawal syndrome seen in alcoholics who are deprived of ethyl alcohol; characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation, and seizures; can be fatal if untreated
51
# Define Hallucinogen
An agent that produce false perceptions in any one of the five senses.
52
# Define Tolerance
The need for increasing amounts of a drug to obtain the same effect.
53
# Define Activated Charcoal
A medication used to treat certain poisonings by adsorbing (binding to) the poison in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption into the bloodstream.
54
Naloxone (Narcan)
An antidote that rapidly reverses the effects of opioid overdose (e.g., heroin, fentanyl, prescription pain medications)
55
# Define Withdrawal
The physiological and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance to which they have developed dependence
56
What is a crucial initial step when approaching a patient who may have been exposed to hazardous materials?
Assessing scene safety. ## Footnote Ensuring the safety of the EMS crew and the patient is paramount before initiating patient care

EMT (21 decks)

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