Toxicity tests Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of toxicity testing? (5)

A

-Analyse toxicity of existing substances
-production of new chemicals
-ranking for prioritization
-define safe levels
-legislation

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2
Q

wat betekent LD en LC?

A

Lethal dose
Lethal concentration

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3
Q

wat wordt er bedoeld met LD50 en LC50?

A

dose/concentratie waarbij 50% doodgaat

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4
Q

wat zijn nadelen van LD(C)50? (3)

A

-niet ethisch
-zegt niks over sublethal toxiciteit
- variatie in uitkomst door verschillen in: gewicht, leeftijd, manier van toedienen

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5
Q

Which test parameters do chronic tests include?

A

-specific symptoms
- examenation of organs and tissues
- hematology and blood analyses

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6
Q

What specific tests are there?

A

Oncogenicity (suspected to be carcinogenic)
Sensitisation
immunotoxicological assessment

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7
Q

What is mutagenicity?

A

Change in genetic material in cell nucleus that
is passed on during cell division

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8
Q

Welke soort test wordt gebruikt voor Mutagenicityi?

A

AMES

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9
Q

Hoe werkt de AMES test?

A
  • je hebt twee samples die niet meer histidine kunnen maken waarvan 1 een controle en de andere een verwachte mutageen, beide bevatten een activator.
  • ze worden beide onder dezelfde omstandigheden op een medium aangebracht zonder histidine.
  • je krijgt nu alleen kolonies op de plaat waar het histidine afhankelijke phenotype terug is gemuteerd.
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10
Q

What is Developmental Toxicology?

A

study of adverse effects on the developing organism throughout life.

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11
Q

What elements does Developmental Toxicology focus on?

A
  1. death of the organism
  2. structural abnormalities
  3. abnormal growth
  4. functional defects
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12
Q

What is EST?

A

Embryonal stemcell test

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13
Q

What is IC50 and EC50?

A

The EC50 is the concentration of a drug that gives half-maximal response.

The IC50 is the concentration of an inhibitor where the response (or binding) is reduced by half.

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14
Q

What is neurotoxicity?

A

Negative change in the chemistry, structure, or function of the nervous system.

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15
Q

What are the 3 R’s?

A

Reduction, Replacement, Refinement

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16
Q

Why were the 3R’s implemented?

A

reducing animal testing and dealing ethically with laboratory animals

17
Q

What are advantages of in vitro tests?

A
  • Simpler kinetics
  • Greater homogeneity
  • Shorter latency period
  • Limited setup
  • Fewer animals
  • Faster and cheaper
18
Q

What are disadvantages of in vitro tests?

A

Extrapolation
Reduced differentiation
Short cell life
Limied material

19
Q

What are alternatives to in vitro testing?

A

-Physiological Based Kinetic model
- in silico