Carcinogenesis & Genotoxicity Flashcards
What is Chemical Carcinogenesis?
chemically-induced generation of
cancerous growths in living
organisms
What are neoplasms?
An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
Waarom heeft de celcyclus checkpoints?
om te controleren of alles goed gaat en het proces verder kan gaan.
Wat doet het G2/m checkpoint?
Controleert op cellen met beschadigde DNA voor ze mitosis in gaan
Wat is een Tumor suppressor gene?
en gen dat onbeperkte deling van de cel voorkomt. Het eiwit dat door dit gen gecodeerd wordt, heeft namelijk een negatieve invloed op de celdeling
Welke genen zijn betrokken bij de checkpoints?
CDK (cyclin dependent kinases)
Cyclins
What is a tumor/neoplasm?
abnormal growth of tissue (cells grow/divide more than they should do)
goedaardig
What is a cancer?
a malignant tumor that can cause harm
What steps does the 3 stages model have?
Initiation, Promotion, Progression
What is initiation?
induction of certain mutations in a cell which
under certain conditions allow them to be transformed.
What are the targets of initiation?
- proto-oncogene
-tumor supressor genes
-apoptosis regulating genes
-DNA repair genes
What are 2 initiator categories?
-Direct acting carcinogens –> substances/exposures that can cause cancer
- Pro-carcinogens –> require metabolic activation by the host to become
active
How can initiation be avoided?
-Detoxification/excretion before a
mutation occurs
-DNA repair or cell death after
mutation/dna damage
What is promotion?
proliferation of the initiated cell, divide. Happens to both healthy and mutated cells.
What is progression?
the initiated cell responds with poorly controlled proliferation
which results in the acquisition of a larger number and more
diverse mutations leading to overt malignancy.
