Carcinogenesis & Genotoxicity deel 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are differences between benign and malignant neoplasms?

A

benign
- non invasive
-highly differentiated
- mitosis rare
-slow growth
-no metastasis

malignant
-invasive
-poorly differntiated
-mitosis common
-rapid growth
-metastases

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2
Q

What are 3 steps in metastasis?

A
  1. detachment of tumor cells
  2. attachment to matrix cells
  3. degradation of extracellular matrix
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3
Q

What is the 1 cause of cancer?

A

lifestyle: smoking and diet

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4
Q

What are other causes of cancer?

A

chemicals, DNA viruses, radiation, genetics, fibers

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5
Q

What are some chemical carcinogens?

A
  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, PAK)
  • aromatic amines
    -mycotoxins
    -alkylating agents
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6
Q

Hoe kan Benzopyrene een mutatie veroorzaken?

A

Benzopyrene is een PAH. Door metabolisme komen er groepen aan benzopyrene die kunnen binden aan DNA

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7
Q

Wat is een bron van Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? (PAH) en op welke orgaan richten ze zich?

A

-roken
-uitlaatgassen
-vuur

-huid en longen

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8
Q

Wat is een bron van aromatic amines en op welk orgaan richten ze zich?

A

roken
verbrand vlees
kleurstoffen

aromatic amines = blaas
heterocyclic = darmen

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9
Q

What are carcinogenic mycotoxins?

A

-toxins produced by fungi
-secodary metabolites

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10
Q

What is aflatoxin?

A

-Mycotoxin
-found in moldy products, spices, milk, eggs
-category 1 carcinogen

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11
Q

How are carcinogens metabolized?

A

from procarcinogen to ultimate carcinogen

phase 1:activate or detoxify
phase 2: make metabolite more polar so it can be exctreted.

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12
Q

What gene can affect cancer susceptibility differences?

A

CYP = Cytochrome P450

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13
Q

What is chemoprevention?

A

The use of substances
to stop or prevent
cancer development

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14
Q

What causes promotion of iniated cells?

A

-repeated injury
-viruses
-hormones
-surgery
-chemicals

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15
Q

What is the difference between genotoxic and non-genotoxic tumor?

A

Genotoxic is caused by a carcinogen

non-genotoxic is caused by spontaneous DNA damage

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16
Q

Which 4 genes are involved in carcinogenesis?

A
  • Proto-Oncogenes
  • Tumour Suppressor genes
  • DNA Repair genes
  • Apoptosis regulating genes
17
Q

What are Proto-Oncogenes?

A

-accelerators of cell division
-stop for apoptosis
-dominant allel

18
Q

What are Tumor Supressors?

A

-inhibitors of cell division
- HELP for apoptosis
-recessive allel

19
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Alteration in the genetic code, that may result in altered population of cells or
organisms.

20
Q

What are mutagens:

A

chemicals that cause a mutation

21
Q

What is the role of mutations?

A

-adaptation/survival/speciation
-disease/death

22
Q

What are possible effects of mutations in genes?

A

-no effect
-change in gene expression
-change in protein structure
-disease
-altered cell function
-improper biochemical process

23
Q

What are examples of genotoxic factors?

A

UV light
radiation
virusus
biotoxins
chemicals

24
Q

What is ANEUPLOIDY?

A

loss or addition of extra copy of chromosome

25
Q

What are three types of human Carcinogens?

A

Physical; uv, radiation
Biological; virus
Chemical