Carcinogenesis & Genotoxicity deel 2

Question 1

What are differences between benign and malignant neoplasms?

Answer 1

benign
- non invasive
-highly differentiated
- mitosis rare
-slow growth
-no metastasis

malignant
-invasive
-poorly differntiated
-mitosis common
-rapid growth
-metastases

Question 2

What are 3 steps in metastasis?

Answer 2

1. detachment of tumor cells
2. attachment to matrix cells
3. degradation of extracellular matrix

Question 3

What is the 1 cause of cancer?

Answer 3

lifestyle: smoking and diet

Question 4

What are other causes of cancer?

Answer 4

chemicals, DNA viruses, radiation, genetics, fibers

Question 5

What are some chemical carcinogens?

Answer 5

• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, PAK)
• aromatic amines
  -mycotoxins
  -alkylating agents

Question 6

Hoe kan Benzopyrene een mutatie veroorzaken?

Answer 6

Benzopyrene is een PAH. Door metabolisme komen er groepen aan benzopyrene die kunnen binden aan DNA

Question 7

Wat is een bron van Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? (PAH) en op welke orgaan richten ze zich?

Answer 7

-roken
-uitlaatgassen
-vuur

-huid en longen

Question 8

Wat is een bron van aromatic amines en op welk orgaan richten ze zich?

Answer 8

roken
verbrand vlees
kleurstoffen

aromatic amines = blaas
heterocyclic = darmen

Question 9

What are carcinogenic mycotoxins?

Answer 9

-toxins produced by fungi
-secodary metabolites

Question 10

What is aflatoxin?

Answer 10

-Mycotoxin
-found in moldy products, spices, milk, eggs
-category 1 carcinogen

Question 11

How are carcinogens metabolized?

Answer 11

from procarcinogen to ultimate carcinogen

phase 1:activate or detoxify
phase 2: make metabolite more polar so it can be exctreted.

Question 12

What gene can affect cancer susceptibility differences?

Answer 12

CYP = Cytochrome P450

Question 13

What is chemoprevention?

Answer 13

The use of substances
to stop or prevent
cancer development

Question 14

What causes promotion of iniated cells?

Answer 14

-repeated injury
-viruses
-hormones
-surgery
-chemicals

Question 15

What is the difference between genotoxic and non-genotoxic tumor?

Answer 15

Genotoxic is caused by a carcinogen

non-genotoxic is caused by spontaneous DNA damage

Question 16

Which 4 genes are involved in carcinogenesis?

Answer 16

• Proto-Oncogenes
• Tumour Suppressor genes
• DNA Repair genes
• Apoptosis regulating genes

Question 17

What are Proto-Oncogenes?

Answer 17

-accelerators of cell division
-stop for apoptosis
-dominant allel

Question 18

What are Tumor Supressors?

Answer 18

-inhibitors of cell division
- HELP for apoptosis
-recessive allel

Question 19

What is a mutation?

Answer 19

Alteration in the genetic code, that may result in altered population of cells or
organisms.

Question 20

What are mutagens:

Answer 20

chemicals that cause a mutation

Question 21

What is the role of mutations?

Answer 21

-adaptation/survival/speciation
-disease/death

Question 22

What are possible effects of mutations in genes?

Answer 22

-no effect
-change in gene expression
-change in protein structure
-disease
-altered cell function
-improper biochemical process

Question 23

What are examples of genotoxic factors?

Answer 23

UV light
radiation
virusus
biotoxins
chemicals

Question 24

What is ANEUPLOIDY?

Answer 24

loss or addition of extra copy of chromosome

Question 25

What are three types of human Carcinogens?

Answer 25

Physical; uv, radiation
Biological; virus
Chemical