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My 2016 RUSVM Toxicology > Toxic principles in plants > Flashcards

Toxic principles in plants Flashcards

1
Q

Name the toxic principles that are Acids

A

Insoluble CaOx

Soluble oxalates

Isocupressic acid

Quinones

Tannic acid

Triterpene acid

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2
Q

What type of plants in general have insoluble CaOx?

A

Ornamental house plants

  • Arum family
  1. Chinese evergreen
  2. Elephant’s ear
  3. Caladium
  4. Dumbcane
  5. Pothos
  6. Philidendron
  7. Peace lily
  8. Arrowhead vine
  9. Calla lily
  • Aralia family
    1. Umbrella tree
  • Palm family
    1. Fishtail palm
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3
Q

MoA of insoluble CaOx

A

GI & local oral irritation

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4
Q

What is the name of this plant

main toxic principle

Clinical signs of poisoning

A

Aloe Vera

Anthraquinone glycoside

Severe GI signs and diarrhea

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5
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Christmas kallanchoe

cardiotoxin

vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, sudden death

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6
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Saddle leaf philidendron

insoluble Ca oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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7
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Sweet Pea

Perenial sweet pea (L. latifolius) and annual sweet pea (L. odoratus) seeds contain beta-amino propionitrile causing osteolathyrism in animals especially horses, chickling pea (L. sativus) seeds contain

Osteolathyrism causes skeletal muscle deformities and aortic rupture, neurolathyrism causes brain and spinal cord damge

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8
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Akee

Hypoglycin A (amino acid), Hypoglycin B (dipeptide)

Severe hypoglycemia, vomiting and diarrhea

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9
Q

Name plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Cashew

Toxic phenols such as cardol in shell liquid

Contact dermatitis. The fumes from roasting cause severe irritation of the skin,eye, and respiratory mucosa

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10
Q

Name plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Plumeria

cardiac glycoside

Severe GI signs, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, skin irritation

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11
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Purple allemanda, rubber vine

Cardiac glycosides in leaves, latex irritating to the skin

Cardiac toxicity like digitalis, the sap causes skin and eye irritation

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12
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Japonese honeysuckle

saponins

ingestion of several berries may cause mild irritation

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13
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Bracken Fern

Ptaquiloside glycoside, thiaminase

Ptaquiloside causes aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep, enzootic bovine hematuria due to neoplasm in urinary tract; tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal damage in sheep; thimainase causes vitamin B1 deficiency resulting in neurotoxicity in monogastric animals

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14
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Red clover

Phytoestrogens, photoactive compounds

Infertility in cattle and sheep, photosnesitization

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15
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Lantana

triterpene acids in unripe berries

GI signs, liver damage, hepatogenic photosensitization

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16
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Coontie

Cycasin glycoside in roots, seed and foliage, neurotoxic compound in seeds

Severe GI signs, liver damage, paralysis

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17
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Elephant’s Ear

Insoluble calcium oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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18
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Madagascar, dragon tree

Alkaloids, saponins, resin

Irritation of the GI mucosa

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19
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

English Ivy

Triterpenoid saponins

Salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, and hypothermia

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20
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Chenile plant, cat tail

Diterpene esters, euphorb latex

Eye and skin irritation, allergy, and GI signs

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21
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Easter lily

Unknown

Nephrotoxicity only in cats, GI signs in dogs and cats

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22
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Carnation

Triterpenoid saponin

Mild GI irritation

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23
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Anthurium, Flamingo plant

Insoluble Ca oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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24
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Elderberry

Resinous substances and cyanogenic glycoside

Vomiting & diarrhea

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25
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Caladium

Insoluble Ca oxalates

irritation of lips, mouth & throat, vomiting

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26
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

periwinkle

Vinca alkaloids

Disturbed vision, depression, aggression

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27
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

physic nut

Diterpene esters, pytotoxin in seeds

Severe GI signs and may be bloody diarrhea

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28
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

night blooming jessamine

Solanine and nicotine in leaves, solanine in unripe berries

GI signs and signs generally similar to atropine

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29
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Peace lily

Insoluble calcium oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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30
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Oats

nitrates

acute poisoning causes respiratory signs due to methemoglobinemia, chronic poisoning causes abortion

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31
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

wild tamarind

amino acid mimosine

alopecia & poor growth

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32
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Eggplant

solanine & solanidine alkaloids

GI signs, similar to atropine

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33
Q

MoA of Soluble oxalates

A

HypoCalcemia & precipitation of insoluble CaOx in tissues

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34
Q

MoA of Isocupressic acid

A

Abortion in cattle

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35
Q

MoA of Quinones

A

1° photosensitization

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36
Q

MoA of Tannic acid

A

GI lesions & kidney damage

precipitates proteins

37
Q

MoA of Triterpene acids

A

Liver damage

2° photosensitization (heptogenic)

Cattle susceptible but horses resistant!

38
Q

MoA of Colchicine

A

Antimitotic

39
Q

MoA of Diterpene alkaloids

A

Neuromuscular Blockers

Paralysis similar to curare

Nicotinic receptor blockade & muscle endplate

40
Q

MoA of Ergot alkaloids

A

Vasoconstriction & gangrene

Uterine contractions

41
Q

MoA of Indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)

A

Neuronal signs / locoism

42
Q

MoA of Lycorine

A

GI signs

Emetic, purgative

Lg amounts muscle tremors & seizures

43
Q

MoA of Muscarine

A

CNS stimulation

44
Q

MoA of Piperidine alkaloids

A

CNS (nicotinic effects)

CNS stimulation followed by blockade

45
Q

MoA of Pyridine alkaloids

A

CNS signs stimulation then blockade

46
Q

MoA of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

Hepatotoxic

47
Q

MoA of Solanine & solanidine alkaloids

A

GI, CNS, respiratory & cardiac

48
Q

MoA of Taxine alkaloids

A

Cardiotoxic & GI

49
Q

MoA of Tropane alkaloids

A

Atropine like effects

50
Q

MoA of Xanthine alkaloids

A

Block adenosine receptors, inhibit phosphodiesterase

51
Q

MoA of Anthraquinones

A

Purgative

52
Q

MoA of Clacinogenic glycosides (Vit D analog)

A

Hypercalcemia

calcifiation of tendons, & ligaments causing lameness

53
Q

MoA of Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)

A

Hepatotoxicity

renal & hypoglycemia

54
Q

MoA Cardiac glycosides

A

Cardiotoxic inhibits Na/K ATPase

GI irritation

55
Q

MoA of Coumarin glycosides

A

Vit K epoxide reductase inhibition

56
Q

MoA of Cyanogenic glycosides

A

Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase & cell resp.

Chronic: neuronal damage

57
Q

MoA of Cycasin

A

GI, hepatotoxic, teratogenic

58
Q

MoA of Glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)

A

Antithyroid

59
Q

MoA of Nitropropanol glycoside

A

inhibits cell oxidative phosphorylation

Respiratory & CNS signs in cattle & sheep

CNA signs in horses & rodents

60
Q

MoA of Phytoestrogens

A

Infertility in both sexes

61
Q

MoA of Protoanemonin

A

volatile oil, severe irritation of GI mucosa & dermatitis

62
Q

MoA of Ptaquiloside

A

Aplastic anemia in cattle & sheep

Neoplastic causes enzootic bovine hematuria

Tumors in Upper GI & retinal blindness in sheep “bright blindness”

63
Q

MoA of Steroidal saponins

A

Liver damage, hepatogenic photosensitization

64
Q

MoA of Gossypol

A

Cardiotoxic & 2° liver damage

seminiferous damage (infertility in males)

65
Q

MoA of Copper

A

liver damage

hemolysis

methemoglobinemia

66
Q

MoA of Selenium

A

Acute: GI & respiratory

Chronic: Hoof & hair abnormalities

67
Q

MoA of Nitrate

A

Acute: GI, methemogolbinemia, abortion

Chronic: decr progesterone & abortion

68
Q

MoA of Dimethyl disulfide

A

Heinz body anemia

69
Q

MoA Diterpene esters

A

Direct irritation of skin & mucous membranes

70
Q

MoA of Grayanotoxins

A

CNS stimulation

GI irritation

71
Q

MoA of Lectins

A

Inhibit cell protein synthesis ⇒ cell death

72
Q

MoA of Meliatoxins

A

enterotoxic

neurotoxic

73
Q

MoA of Propyl disulfide

A

Free radical production/ Heinz body

74
Q

MoA of Tetradymol

A

microsomal enzyme inducer

hepatogenic photosensitization

Sheep most sensitive

75
Q

MoA of Thiaminase

A

Thiamine deficiency (Vit B1)

Neurotoxic in monogastrics

76
Q

MoA of Triterpenoid saponins

A

Direct irritation of GI mucosa

77
Q

MoA of Resins or resinoids

A

Irritation of nervous or muscle tissue

78
Q

These plants of the Legume family can cause hepatotoxicity & photosensitization in horses only

A

Alsike & red clovers

79
Q

This delicious ingredient of guacamole causes cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits & caged birds

Also mastitis & agalactica in cattle, horses, goats & rabbits

A

Avocado

80
Q

Don’t let your horse lie down in better pastures with these shavings unless you want laminitis

A

Black walnut

81
Q

Why you’d ever feed these spoiled forages to your livestock is beyond me.

They turn them into vampires afraid of the sun!

A

Moldy alfalfa

Red Clover

Moldy wheat

Cause 1° & 2° photosensitization!

82
Q

Fun, dried or fresh, healthy snacks for people - can cause acute renal failure in dogs!

A

We’re talking - Grapes & raisins!

83
Q

Lilys & cats dont mix!

A

Cause nephrotoxicity only in cats (as little as 2 leaves!)

Dogs get GI irritation

84
Q

This plant is a hog for different ways to make animals sick!

A

Pigweed

Acute/chronic nitrate toxicity

Solubale oxalates

Unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, & horses!

85
Q

Pretty on the tree but when dead & dried this plants leaves can be the death of horses

A

Red Maple leaves

Heinz body formation, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia ⇒renal failure & resp. failure

86
Q

Senakot was made from this plant which tells you what you need to know but there is still an unknown that can kill

A

Coffee senna

in addition to the anthraquinone glycoside the unknown mycotoxin causes skeletal mm myopathy & cardiomyopathy

87
Q

You’d be a dope to feed this to your horses! Big name for this dz

A

Yellow starthistle

Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) “chewing dz)

interacts with dopamine transporters in brain

88
Q

Dogs don’t belong in Hawaii because of this nut!

A

Macademia nut

Unknown toxin causes weakness (CNS signs) in hind limbs, GI signs

Recovery takes 2 days!

My 2016 RUSVM Toxicology (34 decks)

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