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My 2016 RUSVM Toxicology > Toxic principles in plants > Flashcards

Toxic principles in plants Flashcards

1
Q

Name the toxic principles that are Acids

A

Insoluble CaOx

Soluble oxalates

Isocupressic acid

Quinones

Tannic acid

Triterpene acid

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2
Q

What type of plants in general have insoluble CaOx?

A

Ornamental house plants

  • Arum family
  1. Chinese evergreen
  2. Elephant’s ear
  3. Caladium
  4. Dumbcane
  5. Pothos
  6. Philidendron
  7. Peace lily
  8. Arrowhead vine
  9. Calla lily
  • Aralia family
    1. Umbrella tree
  • Palm family
    1. Fishtail palm
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3
Q

MoA of insoluble CaOx

A

GI & local oral irritation

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4
Q

What is the name of this plant

main toxic principle

Clinical signs of poisoning

A

Aloe Vera

Anthraquinone glycoside

Severe GI signs and diarrhea

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5
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Christmas kallanchoe

cardiotoxin

vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, sudden death

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6
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Saddle leaf philidendron

insoluble Ca oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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7
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Sweet Pea

Perenial sweet pea (L. latifolius) and annual sweet pea (L. odoratus) seeds contain beta-amino propionitrile causing osteolathyrism in animals especially horses, chickling pea (L. sativus) seeds contain

Osteolathyrism causes skeletal muscle deformities and aortic rupture, neurolathyrism causes brain and spinal cord damge

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8
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of poisoning

A

Akee

Hypoglycin A (amino acid), Hypoglycin B (dipeptide)

Severe hypoglycemia, vomiting and diarrhea

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9
Q

Name plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Cashew

Toxic phenols such as cardol in shell liquid

Contact dermatitis. The fumes from roasting cause severe irritation of the skin,eye, and respiratory mucosa

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10
Q

Name plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Plumeria

cardiac glycoside

Severe GI signs, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, skin irritation

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11
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Purple allemanda, rubber vine

Cardiac glycosides in leaves, latex irritating to the skin

Cardiac toxicity like digitalis, the sap causes skin and eye irritation

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12
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Japonese honeysuckle

saponins

ingestion of several berries may cause mild irritation

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13
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Bracken Fern

Ptaquiloside glycoside, thiaminase

Ptaquiloside causes aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep, enzootic bovine hematuria due to neoplasm in urinary tract; tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal damage in sheep; thimainase causes vitamin B1 deficiency resulting in neurotoxicity in monogastric animals

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14
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Red clover

Phytoestrogens, photoactive compounds

Infertility in cattle and sheep, photosnesitization

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15
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Lantana

triterpene acids in unripe berries

GI signs, liver damage, hepatogenic photosensitization

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16
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Coontie

Cycasin glycoside in roots, seed and foliage, neurotoxic compound in seeds

Severe GI signs, liver damage, paralysis

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17
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Elephant’s Ear

Insoluble calcium oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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18
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Madagascar, dragon tree

Alkaloids, saponins, resin

Irritation of the GI mucosa

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19
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

English Ivy

Triterpenoid saponins

Salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, and hypothermia

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20
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Chenile plant, cat tail

Diterpene esters, euphorb latex

Eye and skin irritation, allergy, and GI signs

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21
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Easter lily

Unknown

Nephrotoxicity only in cats, GI signs in dogs and cats

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22
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Carnation

Triterpenoid saponin

Mild GI irritation

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23
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Anthurium, Flamingo plant

Insoluble Ca oxalates

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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24
Q

Name this plant

Main toxic principles

CS of toxicity

A

Elderberry

Resinous substances and cyanogenic glycoside

Vomiting & diarrhea

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25
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
Caladium Insoluble Ca oxalates irritation of lips, mouth & throat, vomiting
26
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
periwinkle Vinca alkaloids Disturbed vision, depression, aggression
27
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
physic nut Diterpene esters, pytotoxin in seeds Severe GI signs and may be bloody diarrhea
28
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
night blooming jessamine Solanine and nicotine in leaves, solanine in unripe berries GI signs and signs generally similar to atropine
29
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
Peace lily Insoluble calcium oxalates Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
30
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
Oats nitrates acute poisoning causes respiratory signs due to methemoglobinemia, chronic poisoning causes abortion
31
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
wild tamarind amino acid mimosine alopecia & poor growth
32
Name this plant Main toxic principles CS of toxicity
Eggplant solanine & solanidine alkaloids GI signs, similar to atropine
33
MoA of Soluble oxalates
***Hypo**Calcemia* & precipitation of insoluble CaOx in tissues
34
MoA of Isocupressic acid
Abortion in cattle
35
MoA of Quinones
1° photosensitization
36
MoA of Tannic acid
GI lesions & kidney damage precipitates proteins
37
MoA of Triterpene acids
Liver damage 2° photosensitization (heptogenic) **Cattle susceptible but horses resistant!**
38
MoA of Colchicine
Antimitotic
39
MoA of Diterpene alkaloids
Neuromuscular Blockers Paralysis similar to curare Nicotinic receptor blockade & muscle endplate
40
MoA of Ergot alkaloids
Vasoconstriction & gangrene Uterine contractions
41
MoA of Indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)
Neuronal signs / locoism
42
MoA of Lycorine
GI signs Emetic, purgative Lg amounts muscle tremors & seizures
43
MoA of Muscarine
CNS stimulation
44
MoA of Piperidine alkaloids
CNS (nicotinic effects) CNS stimulation followed by blockade
45
MoA of Pyridine alkaloids
CNS signs stimulation then blockade
46
MoA of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Hepatotoxic
47
MoA of Solanine & solanidine alkaloids
GI, CNS, respiratory & cardiac
48
MoA of Taxine alkaloids
Cardiotoxic & GI
49
MoA of Tropane alkaloids
Atropine like effects
50
MoA of Xanthine alkaloids
Block adenosine receptors, inhibit phosphodiesterase
51
MoA of Anthraquinones
Purgative
52
MoA of Clacinogenic glycosides (Vit D analog)
***Hyper****calcemia* ## Footnote *calcifiation of tendons, & ligaments causing lameness*
53
MoA of Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)
Hepatotoxicity renal & hypoglycemia
54
MoA Cardiac glycosides
Cardiotoxic inhibits Na/K ATPase GI irritation
55
MoA of Coumarin glycosides
Vit K epoxide reductase inhibition
56
MoA of Cyanogenic glycosides
Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase & cell resp. Chronic: neuronal damage
57
MoA of Cycasin
GI, hepatotoxic, teratogenic
58
MoA of Glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)
Antithyroid
59
MoA of Nitropropanol glycoside
inhibits cell oxidative phosphorylation ***Respiratory & CNS signs in cattle & sheep*** ***CNA signs in horses & rodents***
60
MoA of Phytoestrogens
Infertility in both sexes
61
MoA of Protoanemonin
volatile oil, severe irritation of GI mucosa & dermatitis
62
MoA of Ptaquiloside
Aplastic anemia in cattle & sheep Neoplastic **causes enzootic bovine hematuria** **Tumors in Upper GI & retinal blindness in sheep "bright blindness"**
63
MoA of Steroidal saponins
Liver damage, hepatogenic photosensitization
64
MoA of Gossypol
Cardiotoxic & 2° liver damage seminiferous damage (infertility in males)
65
MoA of Copper
liver damage hemolysis methemoglobinemia
66
MoA of Selenium
Acute: GI & respiratory Chronic: Hoof & hair abnormalities
67
MoA of Nitrate
Acute: GI, methemogolbinemia, abortion Chronic: decr progesterone & abortion
68
MoA of Dimethyl disulfide
Heinz body anemia
69
MoA Diterpene esters
Direct irritation of skin & mucous membranes
70
MoA of Grayanotoxins
CNS stimulation GI irritation
71
MoA of Lectins
Inhibit cell protein synthesis ⇒ cell death
72
MoA of Meliatoxins
enterotoxic neurotoxic
73
MoA of Propyl disulfide
Free radical production/ Heinz body
74
MoA of Tetradymol
microsomal enzyme inducer hepatogenic photosensitization **Sheep most sensitive**
75
MoA of Thiaminase
Thiamine deficiency (Vit B1) Neurotoxic in monogastrics
76
MoA of Triterpenoid saponins
Direct irritation of GI mucosa
77
MoA of Resins or resinoids
Irritation of nervous or muscle tissue
78
These plants of the Legume family can cause hepatotoxicity & photosensitization in horses only
Alsike & red clovers
79
This delicious ingredient of guacamole causes cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits & caged birds Also mastitis & agalactica in cattle, horses, goats & rabbits
Avocado
80
Don't let your horse lie down in better pastures with these shavings unless you want laminitis
Black walnut
81
Why you'd ever feed these spoiled forages to your livestock is beyond me. They turn them into vampires afraid of the sun!
Moldy alfalfa Red Clover Moldy wheat **Cause 1° & 2° photosensitization!**
82
Fun, dried or fresh, healthy snacks for people - can cause acute renal failure in dogs!
We're talking - Grapes & raisins!
83
Lilys & cats dont mix!
***Cause nephrotoxicity only in cats (as little as 2 leaves!)*** Dogs get GI irritation
84
This plant is a hog for different ways to make animals sick!
**Pigweed** ***Acute/chronic nitrate toxicity*** ***Solubale oxalates*** ***Unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, & horses!***
85
Pretty on the tree but when dead & dried this plants leaves can be the death of horses
Red Maple leaves Heinz body formation, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia ⇒renal failure & resp. failure
86
Senakot was made from this plant which tells you what you need to know but there is still an unknown that can kill
Coffee senna in addition to the anthraquinone glycoside the unknown mycotoxin causes skeletal mm myopathy & cardiomyopathy
87
You'd be a **dope** to feed this to your horses! Big name for this dz
Yellow starthistle Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) "chewing dz) interacts with **dopa**mine transporters in brain
88
Dogs don't belong in Hawaii because of this nut!
Macademia nut Unknown toxin causes weakness (CNS signs) in hind limbs, GI signs Recovery takes 2 days!

My 2016 RUSVM Toxicology (34 decks)

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