Toxic Gases Flashcards
Ammonia readily reacts with ____ in mucous membranes to form ____ which is irritant and caustic
Reacts with hydroxyl ions forming ammonium hydroxide
Which species are most susceptible to ammonia
Swine, poultry
Ammonia can increase susceptibility to _____ and decrease _____
Susceptible to respiratory infection
Decreases growth rate (swine)
Inhalation of ammonia causes
Pulmonary edema and lung congestion
** due to increased permeability of lung capillaries
Ammonia causes primary ___ and compensatory ___
Primary alkalosis with compensatory acidosis
Clinical signs of ammonia
Red mucous membranes
Lacrimation, sneeze/cough
Respiratory issues
What is the main source of hydrogen sulfide
Manure pits
hydrogen sulfide is the most dangerous sewage gas
yup
hydrogen sulfide is readily absorbed through
lungs and GI
hydrogen sulfide is converted to what in the blood
Alkali sulfides
What can trap sulfide in the blood
Natural disulfides - glutathione
hydrogen sulfide inhibits
cellular respiration – inhibits cytochrome oxidate
hydrogen sulfide causes stimulation of
chemoreceptors of carotid body interfering with respiratory drive –> apnea
Clinical signs of large concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
Sudden collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, convulsions, death
Clinical signs of lower concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
Ocular irritation, respiratory signs similar to ammonia
With hydrogen sulfide the blood is ___ and ___
Dark and may not clot
hydrogen sulfide may cause tissues to appear
Dark or greenish purple (reaction with iron)
What is the mechanism of action for CO
Combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which cannot carry oxygen and interferes with release of oxygen
The fetus is more sensitive to CO
Concentrations <250 ppm increases number of stillborn fetuses in swine/sheep
Lesions seen with CO
Blood is bright red and MM will still be pink despite hypoxia
What is the main source of nitrogen oxide
Silo fermentation
Incomplete reduction of nitrate
nitrogen oxide smells like
Chlorine
** may see yellow haze in the air
nitrogen oxide clinical signs are similar to those of ammonia but also causes
Methemoglobin
What can be given for methemoglobin
Methylene blue – IV
Mechanism of action for Sulfur Oxide
Irritation of MM and reflex bronchoconstriction
Lung damage – hypoxia
Action of simple asphyxiants
displace oxygen in air
changes oxygen carrying capacity
Action of chemical asphyxiants
prevent uptake of oxygen
produce toxic local and systemic effects
