Toxic Gases

Question 1

Ammonia readily reacts with ____ in mucous membranes to form ____ which is irritant and caustic

Answer 1

Reacts with hydroxyl ions forming ammonium hydroxide

Question 2

Which species are most susceptible to ammonia

Answer 2

Swine, poultry

Question 3

Ammonia can increase susceptibility to _____ and decrease _____

Answer 3

Susceptible to respiratory infection

Decreases growth rate (swine)

Question 4

Inhalation of ammonia causes

Answer 4

Pulmonary edema and lung congestion

** due to increased permeability of lung capillaries

Question 5

Ammonia causes primary ___ and compensatory ___

Answer 5

Primary alkalosis with compensatory acidosis

Question 6

Clinical signs of ammonia

Answer 6

Red mucous membranes
Lacrimation, sneeze/cough
Respiratory issues

Question 7

What is the main source of hydrogen sulfide

Answer 7

Manure pits

Question 8

hydrogen sulfide is the most dangerous sewage gas

Answer 8

yup

Question 9

hydrogen sulfide is readily absorbed through

Answer 9

lungs and GI

Question 10

hydrogen sulfide is converted to what in the blood

Answer 10

Alkali sulfides

Question 11

What can trap sulfide in the blood

Answer 11

Natural disulfides - glutathione

Question 12

hydrogen sulfide inhibits

Answer 12

cellular respiration – inhibits cytochrome oxidate

Question 13

hydrogen sulfide causes stimulation of

Answer 13

chemoreceptors of carotid body interfering with respiratory drive –> apnea

Question 14

Clinical signs of large concentrations of hydrogen sulfide

Answer 14

Sudden collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, convulsions, death

Question 15

Clinical signs of lower concentrations of hydrogen sulfide

Answer 15

Ocular irritation, respiratory signs similar to ammonia

Question 16

With hydrogen sulfide the blood is ___ and ___

Answer 16

Dark and may not clot

Question 17

hydrogen sulfide may cause tissues to appear

Answer 17

Dark or greenish purple (reaction with iron)

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action for CO

Answer 18

Combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which cannot carry oxygen and interferes with release of oxygen

Question 19

The fetus is more sensitive to CO

Answer 19

Concentrations <250 ppm increases number of stillborn fetuses in swine/sheep

Question 20

Lesions seen with CO

Answer 20

Blood is bright red and MM will still be pink despite hypoxia

Question 21

What is the main source of nitrogen oxide

Answer 21

Silo fermentation

Incomplete reduction of nitrate

Question 22

nitrogen oxide smells like

Answer 22

Chlorine

** may see yellow haze in the air

Question 23

nitrogen oxide clinical signs are similar to those of ammonia but also causes

Answer 23

Methemoglobin

Question 24

What can be given for methemoglobin

Answer 24

Methylene blue – IV

Question 25

Mechanism of action for Sulfur Oxide

Answer 25

Irritation of MM and reflex bronchoconstriction

Lung damage – hypoxia

Question 26

Action of simple asphyxiants

Answer 26

displace oxygen in air

changes oxygen carrying capacity

Question 27

Action of chemical asphyxiants

Answer 27

prevent uptake of oxygen

produce toxic local and systemic effects