Herbicides/Fungicides Flashcards
What is the most toxic route of exposure for pentachlorophenol
Penetrates skin
** worst for newborns
pentachlorophenol is an irritant to
MM, resp tract and skin
What increases toxicity of pentachlorophenol
High temp, organic solvents, previous exposure, poor condition, hyperthyroidism
What is pentachlorophenol conjugated to
glucoronic acid
What is the mechanism of action for pentachlorophenol
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and blocks/decreases ATP causing increased oxygen demand
pentachlorophenol cause a increased demand in oxygen, when more oxygen is needed than can be supplied what happens
Overheating
Met acidosis
Dehydration
pentachlorophenol clinical signs for acute toxicosis
Onset and duration may be so fast that signs not seen
Hyperthermia, tachycardia, dyspnea, seizure
pentachlorophenol clinical signs for chronic toxicosis
Weight loss, anemia, fetal malformations/abortions
Fever, resp distress
Lesions commonly seen with pentachlorophenol
Rapid rigor mortis Dark blood Skin/MM irritation Hyperkeratosis Hyperplasia of bladder
What samples should be taken to test for pentachlorophenol
Live - blood, urine
Dead - Kidney, skin
2,4 -D increases the accumulation of
Nitrate and Cyanide
2,4 -D improves _____ of some plants
palatability
Which species is most sensitive to 2,4 -D
Dogs
**Cattle and dogs are most susceptible
2,4 -D is readily absorbed from
GI, Inhalation
What enhances excretion of 2,4 -D
Alkalinization of urine
What is the mechanism of action of 2,4 -D
Uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and depress ribonuclease synthesis
What does 2,4 -D affect in the dog, clinical signs
Skeletal muscle membranes – Weakness (posterior), ataxia, rigidity
Anorexia, vomit, bloody diarrhea
2,4 -D signs in cattle
No convulsions
Weakness, emaciation
Rumen atony, bloat
Ulcers in buccal mucosa
What is a characteristic lesion for 2,4 -D
Rumen stasis with ingested food
What is elevated with 2,4 -D
ALP, LDH, CPK
What enhances toxicity of paraquat
Selenium and Vit E deficiency
Depletion of glutathione
Oxygen therapy
Paraquat is absorbed through ___, is widely distributed and achieves high concentration in _____
Absorbed through GI and skin
Concentrates in lungs
Mechanism of action for Paraquat
Reduced by NADPH to produce singlet oxygen that reacts with lipids and forms hydroperoxides
Early Clinical signs for acute paraquat
May not be seen until 3 days post
Vomit, anorexia
Ataxia, dyspnea, seizure
Delayed clinical signs for paraquat
2-7 days
Respiratory signs
What are the subacute/chronic signs for paraquat and when are they seen
7 days to 3 wks
Respiratory signs due to progressive pulmonary fibrosis
Common lesions with paraquat
Congested/enlarged Liver, kidney, spleen
Tongue ulcers
Pulmonary damage
What samples are taken for paraquat
Urine — may be negative after 48 hrs
What can be used for paraquat detox
Bentonite or Fuller’s earth - several times daily for 2 days