Herbicides/Fungicides

Question 1

What is the most toxic route of exposure for pentachlorophenol

Answer 1

Penetrates skin

** worst for newborns

Question 2

pentachlorophenol is an irritant to

Answer 2

MM, resp tract and skin

Question 3

What increases toxicity of pentachlorophenol

Answer 3

High temp, organic solvents, previous exposure, poor condition, hyperthyroidism

Question 4

What is pentachlorophenol conjugated to

Answer 4

glucoronic acid

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action for pentachlorophenol

Answer 5

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and blocks/decreases ATP causing increased oxygen demand

Question 6

pentachlorophenol cause a increased demand in oxygen, when more oxygen is needed than can be supplied what happens

Answer 6

Overheating
Met acidosis
Dehydration

Question 7

pentachlorophenol clinical signs for acute toxicosis

Answer 7

Onset and duration may be so fast that signs not seen

Hyperthermia, tachycardia, dyspnea, seizure

Question 8

pentachlorophenol clinical signs for chronic toxicosis

Answer 8

Weight loss, anemia, fetal malformations/abortions

Fever, resp distress

Question 9

Lesions commonly seen with pentachlorophenol

Answer 9

Rapid rigor mortis
Dark blood
Skin/MM irritation
Hyperkeratosis 
Hyperplasia of bladder

Question 10

What samples should be taken to test for pentachlorophenol

Answer 10

Live - blood, urine

Dead - Kidney, skin

Question 11

2,4 -D increases the accumulation of

Answer 11

Nitrate and Cyanide

Question 12

2,4 -D improves _____ of some plants

Answer 12

palatability

Question 13

Which species is most sensitive to 2,4 -D

Answer 13

Dogs

**Cattle and dogs are most susceptible

Question 14

2,4 -D is readily absorbed from

Answer 14

GI, Inhalation

Question 15

What enhances excretion of 2,4 -D

Answer 15

Alkalinization of urine

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of 2,4 -D

Answer 16

Uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and depress ribonuclease synthesis

Question 17

What does 2,4 -D affect in the dog, clinical signs

Answer 17

Skeletal muscle membranes – Weakness (posterior), ataxia, rigidity
Anorexia, vomit, bloody diarrhea

Question 18

2,4 -D signs in cattle

Answer 18

No convulsions
Weakness, emaciation
Rumen atony, bloat
Ulcers in buccal mucosa

Question 19

What is a characteristic lesion for 2,4 -D

Answer 19

Rumen stasis with ingested food

Question 20

What is elevated with 2,4 -D

Answer 20

ALP, LDH, CPK

Question 21

What enhances toxicity of paraquat

Answer 21

Selenium and Vit E deficiency
Depletion of glutathione
Oxygen therapy

Question 22

Paraquat is absorbed through ___, is widely distributed and achieves high concentration in _____

Answer 22

Absorbed through GI and skin

Concentrates in lungs

Question 23

Mechanism of action for Paraquat

Answer 23

Reduced by NADPH to produce singlet oxygen that reacts with lipids and forms hydroperoxides

Question 24

Early Clinical signs for acute paraquat

Answer 24

May not be seen until 3 days post
Vomit, anorexia
Ataxia, dyspnea, seizure

Question 25

Delayed clinical signs for paraquat

Answer 25

2-7 days

Respiratory signs

Question 26

What are the subacute/chronic signs for paraquat and when are they seen

Answer 26

7 days to 3 wks

Respiratory signs due to progressive pulmonary fibrosis

Question 27

Common lesions with paraquat

Answer 27

Congested/enlarged Liver, kidney, spleen
Tongue ulcers
Pulmonary damage

Question 28

What samples are taken for paraquat

Answer 28

Urine — may be negative after 48 hrs

Question 29

What can be used for paraquat detox

Answer 29

Bentonite or Fuller’s earth - several times daily for 2 days