Feed Related Flashcards
What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea by urease
alkaline – Urea is basic
What are the most susceptible species to urea
Ruminants and horses
What percent of urea should be in feed
3% grain ration
1% total ration
What age is more sensitive to urea and what age is more tolerant
Less than a year is more sensitive
3-6 wks are tolerant
Urea is changed into ___ and ___ by ____
Changed into ammonia and CO2 by rumen microflora (urease)
Fasting and dehydration ___ toxicity
Increase
Diets low in ____ and ___ but high in ___ increase toxicity
Low in energy and protein but high in fiber
Toxicity of urea is due to
ammonia
Ammonia inhibits the ____ resulting in lack of energy and decreased cellular respiration
citric acid cycle
Urea toxicosis chemistry panel
Ammonia
Lactate
Acidosis
BUN, K, P
Time of onset of clinical signs for urea
30 min to 3 hr
Clinical signs of urea
Restless, aggression, tremors, salivation, teeth grinding, bloat, ass in air
NO diarrhea
Convulsions and death in 1-2 hrs
With urea toxicosis where should samples be taken from and how are they stored
Whole blood, rumen fluid, vitreous fluid
Frozen immediately
What is the treatment for urea
Acetic acid or vinegar for ruminants every 4-5 hrs for 48 hrs
What are ionophores used for
anticoccidial
growth promotor
efficiency of milk production
reduction of bloat/rumen acidosis
what is the most common ionophore
monensin
Which specie is most susceptible and least susceptible to ionophores
Horses most
Poultry least
Ionophores are rapidly metabolized by ___ in the _____
P-450 oxidative demethylation enzymes in the liver
Ionophores metabolize slower in the __ because
Horse because they have fewer oxidative demethylases
What is the mechanism of action for ionophores
Disrupt membrane electrochemical gradients
Mainly highly energetic tissues (heart, skeletal, kidney)
Increased intracellular Na and Ca
Ionophore clinical signs in the horse
Rapid onset
Anorexia, sweating, colic, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, death
Ionophore clinical signs in other animals
Anorexia, diarrhea, weakness, respiratory impairment
Ionophore lesions in horses
Mainly cardiac — pale muscle, white streaks
Ionophore lesions in cattle and poultry
Skeletal and cardiac
Ionophore lesions in sheep/swine/dog
Mainly skeletal
Best samples to take for ionophores
FEED
GI content, liver, feces
What enzymes are elevated with ionophores
CPK, AST, LDH, ALP
With ionophores what in the serum is decreased in the first 12 hrs
Ca and K
Which species are most susceptible to salt
Pig, Cattle, Poultry
What does high Na do in the brain
Inhibits anaerobic glycolysis causing lack of energy to transport Na out – the trapped Na pulls in water causing cerebral edema
Clinical signs of excess Na
Vomit, PU, met acidosis Convulsions Circling, pivoting, head pressing Blindness/deafness Inability to recognize/take in food/water
Excess sodium signs in poultry
Depression, ascites, collapse
Excess Na lesions
GI pinpoint ulcers
Fluid/edema systemically – CEREBRAL EDEMA
What lesion is specific to pigs with Na excess
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
