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Rodenticides Flashcards

1
Q

What does zinc phosphide look like

A

grey-black powder

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2
Q

What does zinc phosphide smell like

A

Acetylene, garlic or dead fish

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3
Q

What happens when zinc phosphide is exposed to acid

A

Liberates phosphine gas

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4
Q

Properties of phosphine gas

A

Insoluble in water, toxic, flammable and irritant

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5
Q

Acute zinc phosphide toxicity is due to

A

Phosphine gas

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6
Q

Chronic zinc phosphide toxicity is due to

A

zinc phosphide and phosphine gas

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7
Q

What enhances the toxicity of zinc phosphide

A

Acid (pH < 4)

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8
Q

What decreases toxicity of zinc phosphide

A

Vomiting or alkaline stomach

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9
Q

zinc phosphide causes cell death by

A

Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and cellular energy production

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10
Q

zinc phosphide increases ____ resulting in ______ and cell damage

A

zinc phosphide increases oxygen radicals resulting in peroxidation and cell damage

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11
Q

zinc phosphide has worst effects on which organs

A

Brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung

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12
Q

zinc phosphide has a ____ onset

A

Rapid onset (minutes to hours)

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13
Q

zinc phosphide clinical signs

A 
Anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain (bloat)
Incr. respiration, wheezing, dyspnea
CNS excitation (mad dog running, yelping, convulsions
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14
Q

zinc phosphide can cause death within ___ due to ____

A

3-48 hrs due to tissue anoxia

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15
Q

Chemistry seen with zinc phosphide

A

Met acidosis, dehydration, hypocalcemia, elevated serum zinc

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16
Q

zinc phosphide samples should be placed in an ____ and ____ ASAP

A

Placed in an airtight container and frozen ASAP

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17
Q

What can be used for zinc phosphide decontamination

A

Lavage with K permanganate
Antacids
Mineral Oil

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18
Q

Where is Fluoroacetate found

A

Livestock protection collars

Plants in Africa and South America

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19
Q

Porperties of Fluoroacetate

A

Odorless, water soluble, insoluble in organic solvents

Irritant

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20
Q

Fluoroacetate is degraded by

A

Soil microorganisms and plant enzymes

21
Q

Which species is very sensitive to Fluoroacetate

A

Dogs (LD50 0.06-0.2 mg/kg)

22
Q

Fluoroacetate is readily absorbed from

A

GI, lung, open wounds (not intact skin)

23
Q

Fluoroacetate is metabolized to ___ by _____

A

Metabolized to monoFluoroacetic acid by hydrolysis

24
Q

Toxicokinetics of Fluoroacetate

A 
Slows TCA cycle and decreases cellular respiration and energy
Citrate toxicity (hypocalcemia)
Inhibition of various enzymes
25
Q

Fluoroacetate has a ____ onset

A

Rapid onset (30 mins - 4 hours)

26
Q

Fluoroacetate GI signs

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, urination, hyperirritability/motility

27
Q

Fluoroacetate CNS signs

A

Running in a straight line, barking/yelping, tonic-clonic seizures
Hyperthermia, mydriasis, coma

28
Q

Fluoroacetate causes death within ____ due to _____

A

Death in 2-12 hrs due to respiratory failure, anoxia

29
Q

Fluoroacetate signs in Horse, Cattle, Goat

A 
Cardiac signs (failure, staggering, arrhythmias)
Colic, convulsions
30
Q

Fluoroacetate signs in sheep

A

Disoriented running, blindness, weakness, ataxia, coma, death

31
Q

Sheep with Fluoroacetate may have concurrnet deficiency of _______

A

Copper and Selenium

32
Q

Fluoroacetate signs in Cats and Pigs

A

CNS and Cardiac
Bradycardia, arrhythmia
Depression or excitement, vocalization, hyperesthesia, hypothermia

33
Q

Fluoroacetate causes rapid onset of

A

rigor mortis

34
Q

What may be seen on labs with Fluoroacetate

A

Elevated citrate
Hyperglycemia
Met acidosis
Low iCa

35
Q

With Fluoroacetate what acetate donors can be given to compete with the toxin

A

Glyceryl Monoacetate
Acetic acid/Ethanol
Acetamide/Dextrose

36
Q

Metaldehyde is typically used for

A

Snail and slug killer

37
Q

Properties of Metaldehyde

A

Polymer acetaldehyde, irritant, flammable
Poorly soluble in water
In moist conditions can release for 10-14 days

38
Q

Which species is more sensitive to Metaldehyde

A

Cats

** but dogs more likely to ingest

39
Q

What is the more toxic route of Metaldehyde

A

More toxic by inhalation

** More common to ingest

40
Q

What happens to Metaldehyde in the GI tract

A

Acid hydrolysis to acetaldehyde

Readily absorbed

41
Q

Metaldehyde and acetaldehyde cross the ___

42
Q

Metaldehyde is metabolized in the ____ by ______, therefore, _____ may decrease toxicity

A

Metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes therefore enzyme inducers (phenobarbital) may decrease toxicity

43
Q

Acetaldehyde is metabolized by _____ and converted to ______

A

Acetaldehyde metabolized by hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase

Converted to CO2 and exhaled

44
Q

Metaldehyde may undergo ____

A

enterohepatic recirculation

45
Q

In mice Metaldehyde decreases brain ____

A

GABA, Norepinephrine and serotonin

46
Q

What can Metaldehyde cause

A

GI irritation, Met Acidosis, hyperthermia, Resp failure

47
Q

Metaldehyde causes “Shake and Bake” What does this mean

A

Acute neurotoxicosis and hyperthermia

48
Q

Metaldehyde onset of signs within ___ and CNS depression/resp failure/death within ___

A

3 hours

4-24 hours

49
Q

Metaldehyde CNS signs

A

Incroordination, tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsions

Toxicology (8 decks)

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