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Toxicology > Metals - Shokry > Flashcards

Metals - Shokry Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of copper toxicosis

A

Excess copper
Molybdenum deficiency (6:1)
Unavailable sulfate

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2
Q

Accumulation of copper in the liver is due to

A

Imbalances between copper, molybdenum and sulfate

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3
Q

What is secondary copper toxicosis

A

Liver damage causes copper accumulation by hepatocytes

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4
Q

How long does copper accumulation take

A

2-10 wks

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5
Q

Release of copper from the liver and excess in the blood causes

A

Oxidation of erythrocyte membranes increasing fragility and causing hemolytic crisis

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6
Q

Copper oxidizes hemoglobin to

A

methemoglobin

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7
Q

Clinical signs of copper

A

Sudden weakness, anorexia, pale MM, icterus, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea

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8
Q

Lesions seen with copper

A

Icterus, Hemolysis, Methemoglobin
Liver enlarged, yellow, friable
Kidney enlarged, hemorrhagic, bluish, friable (gunmetal)
Blackberry Spleen

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9
Q

Treatment for copper toxicosis

A

Ammonium tetrathiomolybate

D-penicillamine - 6 days

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10
Q

Which species is most susceptible to molybdenum

A

Cattle

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11
Q

Which species are resistant to molybdenum

A

Horses and pigs

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12
Q

molybdenum is absorbed ____ and excreted in _____

A

Absorbed from GI and excreted in milk at toxic levels

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13
Q

Clinical signs of molybdenum

A

Severe diarrhea (green w/ gas bubbles) 8-10 d post
Rough hair coat and depigmentation (eyes)
Weight loss, osteoporosis, lameness, pica

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14
Q

Treatment for molybdenum

A

Copper glycinate/sulfate

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15
Q

What are organic arsenics used for

A

Improve weight gain and feed efficiency

Control enteric infection - swine, poultry

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16
Q

organic arsenics toxicity is enhanced by

A

dehydration, renal insufficiency

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17
Q

What is the mode of action for organic arsenics

A

Peripheral nerve demyelination and axonal damage

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18
Q

Clinical signs for arsanilic acid in swine

A 
3-5 days
Incoordination
Partial parlysis
Blindness
Still have good appetite
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19
Q

Clinical signs for arsanilic acid in poultry

A

Anorexia, depression, coma, death

20
Q

Clinical signs for Roxarsone in swine

A 
Sudden onset
Marked hyperexcitability
Tremors
Collapse, coma
No blindness
21
Q

Clinical signs of roxarsone in poultry

A

Incoordination/ataxia

22
Q

organic arsenics lesions in swine

A

Erythema
Muscle atrophy
Peripheral nerve and optic nerve degeneration

23
Q

Which form of inorganic arsenic is most toxic

A

Trivalent

24
Q

inorganic arsenic is absorbed by

A

GI, skin, inhalation

25
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of inorganic arsenic

A

Liver, Kidney, Hair/Hoof

26
Q

Milk from poisoned cows contains ______ of inorganic arsenic

A

Toxic levels

27
Q

MOA of inorganic arsenic

A

Inhibits/slows citric acid cycle

28
Q

inorganic arsenic peracute signs

A

Sudden death, colic, collapse, death

29
Q

inorganic arsenic acute signs

A

Rapid onset, staggering, salivation, thirst, diarrhea

30
Q

inorganic arsenic subacute signs

A

Same + bloody diarrhea, partial paralysis of hind limbs, death

31
Q

Lesions associated with inorganic arsenic

A

GI edema/hemorrhage, sloughing
Liver/kidney damage
Capillary degeneration

32
Q

What sample should be taken for inorganic arsenic

A

Urine antemortem

Liver/kidney postmortem

33
Q

What is increased with inorganic arsenic

A

PCV, BUN

34
Q

What chelator is used with inorganic arsenic

A

Dimercaprol

35
Q

Selenium acts as an antioxidant by

A

Prevention of peroxide accumulation through reduction of glutathoine

36
Q

Selenium and Vit E prevents what

A

Cellular degeneration and cell membrane damage

37
Q

What type of soil promotes selenate formation

A

alkaline

38
Q

Selenium toxicity is reduced by

A

High protein diet and binding elements such as copper

39
Q

Selenium targets which organs

A

Liver, Kidney, Spleen

40
Q

Selenium acute signs - Oral

A

Colic, bloat, dark diarrhea

Respiratory distress, frothy

41
Q

Selenium acute signs - Parenteral

A

Neuroligical

42
Q

Selenium subacute Cattle

A

Blind staggers
Stage 1 - poor appetite, wandering/circling
Stage 2 - Incoordination, foreleg weakness (on knees)
Stage 3 - Hypothermia, emaciation, clouded cornea, paresis, coma, death

43
Q

Selenium subacute swine

A

Porcine Focal Symmetrical Poliomyelomalacia
Incoordination, lameness, parlysis
Alopecia, hoof abnormalities/separation

44
Q

Selenium chronic toxicosis - Alkali Disease

A

Rough hair, hair loss (mane/tail)
Hoof deformities
Lameness, stiffness
Partial blindness, anemia, emaciation, birth defects

45
Q

Selenium acute lesions

A

Hemorrhagic enteritis
Organ congestion
Pulmonary edema
Rotten/garlic gut smell

46
Q

Selenium chronic lesions

A

Abnormal hooves, cardiac damage, hepatic necrosis

47
Q

Selenium treatment

A

Saline cathartics

Acetylcysteine

Toxicology (8 decks)

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