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Geography O level 2236 > Tourism KQ3 (Impacts and management) > Flashcards

Tourism KQ3 (Impacts and management) Flashcards

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1
Q

Impacts of tourism (16, 5+ve, 11-ve)

A

> Economic (7)
+ve:
1) Employment opportunities
2) Growth in income
3) Development of infra and facilities

-ve:
4) Seasonal Unemployment
5) Underuse of facilities at certain times of the year
6) Shortage of services
7) Leakage

> Socio-Cultural (3)
+ve:
1) Conservation of local customs and heritage

-ve:
2) Dilution of local customs and heritage
3) Increased Crime

> Environmental (7)
+ve:
1) Conservation of natural environments

-ve:
2) Vandalism
3) Littering and pollution
4) Destruction of Habitats
6) Increased carbon footprint
7) Increased congestion

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2
Q

Employment Opportunities

A
  • Work performed for wage
  • Forms part of service sector of an economy
  • Increased tourism = Increased tourism related jobs
  • Directly/Indirectly related to tourism
  • Tourism jobs account for 10% of jobs worldwide
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3
Q

Seasonal Unemployment

A
  • Certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions
  • Experience rise for several months and drop for next few months
  • People have to find other sources of income when employment in tourism industry unavailable
  • When tourism is overly reliant on climatic conditions, local economy is too dependant on tourism
  • Any fluctuation will affect local economy and revenue earned
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4
Q

Growth in income

A
  • Growth in tourism = growth in income for indivs
  • Local tourism companies hire fishermen to take domestic and international tourists on their boats to look for and swim with whale sharks and dolphins
  • Earn extra income on top of fishing livelihood
  • Increased disposable income = increased PP = increased spending = increased revenue for country
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5
Q

Leakage

A
  • Revenue earned from tourism paid to other countries for import of goods and services to meet needs of tourists
  • Money incurred from tourist do not remain in country

Phuket: 70% Global economy (import food, airlines etc), 24% goes to Thai economy (F&B, shopping etc), 6% goes to tourism industry (Hotels, transport tours etc)

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6
Q

Development of Infrastructure and Facilities

A
  • Contruction of transport, communication networks, electrical frameworks and water and waste disposal systems
  • Key infra and appropriate facilities help tourism develop on large scale

> Dev of transport
- Allows locals to have better accessibility
- e.g Railways (Forest park station, Beijing)

> Dev of Multi-Purpose Infrastructure
- Tourist destinations can still be used by locals after key events
- Recreation, entertainment, event halls
- e.g. Sporting venues etc

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7
Q

Underuse of facilities

A

-Some tourism facilities are seasonal/for specific events and underused after event
- Maintenance costly, usually maintained by tourist receipts and neglected when tourist numbers drop
- Usually torn-down, leading to loss of money

e.g. Venues in Beijing, China for 2008 summer Olympics deteriorated after underuse

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8
Q

Shortage of Services

A
  • Tourist infrastructure require the use of large amounts of land, water and power
  • Shortage of water supplies/power in non-tourist areas, diverted to meet needs of tourist infra
  • Prices of water/power may inflate, denying locals who cannot afford
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8
Q

Preservation of Heritage and Cultural customs

A

Heritage: traditional belief, values and customs passed down from generation to generation

Customs: traditional way of behaving specific to society

Preservation: Protection of the way people live, including economic activities, traditions and religious practices

  • Enhance local sense of history and build a sense of belonging to their community
  • Revenue generated fund preservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites, making sites more attractive

e.g. Pyramids of Giza

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9
Q

Dilution of heritage and cultural customs

A
  • Tourism-orientated commercial activity overwhelm an area
  • Historical buildings may be converted to host tourists
  • Leads to negligence of culture and sacredness
  • Force locals to relocate their original activities to other places
  • Original atmosphere and function of area changes and identity of place is lost
  • Local cultural festivals and rituals modified

e.g. Rituals, dances shortened to fit itinerary of tourists, repeated several times a day
- Authenticity, significance lost to commercialisation
- Treatment of locals by tourists cause tensions

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10
Q

Increased crime

A
  • Crime levels increase at popular tourist sites where tourists tend to carry valuable items
  • Tourist traps where information, goods and services are sold at greatly inflated prices (scams common)
  • Crime deters tourists from visiting
  • Police deployed to serve tourists and sort out conflicts with locals over purchases

e.g. Impersonation scams in London, England
- Scammers impersonate police and scam visitors of credit cards and valuable items
- Accomplices comply with scammers and tourists do likewise
- Scammers escape and immediately spend/withdraw money

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11
Q

Conservation of natural environments

A
  • Funding proves money to help preserve/conserve environments
  • Revenue from entrance fees, levies, accommodations
  • Relies on fees to pay staff, preserve animals and habitats

e.g. Kenya
Single Lion- $7000/year
Herd of Elephants- $60,000/year

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12
Q

Vandalism

A
  • Deliberate damaging of property belonging to others
  • Cultural, Historical or natural sites can be directly/indirectly vandalised by human activity

e.g. Great wall of China
- 10mil visitors per year
- Walls covered with graffiti

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13
Q

Littering and pollution

A
  • Waste left behind degrades tourist areas
  • Eyesore, smell, physically unappealing

e.g. Cruise ships
- Tourists irresponsibly dump plastic bottles, food packaging and old batteries overboard from the ship
- Harbours, marinas, oceans and coasts are heavily polluted

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14
Q

Destruction of habitats

A
  • Areas overwhelmed by visitors during peak seasons
  • Trample on plants, collect fauna and flora
  • Noise pollution disturb/frighten animals
  • Development in natural areas disrupt wildlife
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15
Q

Carbon footprint

A
  • Increased tourist numbers = Increased tourist activities = Increased need for fuel = Increased carbon footprint and emissions of GHGs
  • Carbon footprint is the amount of GHG emissions that would be produced by activities that involve the use of fossil fuels
  • Travelling by planes, buses, electricity by hotels
  • Carbon footprint measured in equivalent amounts of CO2 (KGs)

e.g. One-way economy class flight from SG to Malaysia is 30kg of CO2 per passenger

16
Q

Increased Congestion

A
  • Large numbers of tourists can cause overcrowding in areas close to popular attractions
  • Cause shops and accommodationss to cluster in high foot traffic area leading to even more congestion
  • Vehicular and pedestrian traffic increased
  • Contributes to air pollution
17
Q

What is Management, Sustainable Tourism and Conservation?

A

> Management (via Laws and Regulations)
- Benefits both nature and locals
- Keep sites in prime condition
- Economy, Culture and environment sustained for future generations

> Sustainable Tourism
- Tourism that can continue w/o damaging the environment nor leaving negative impacts on culture/society
- Addresses needs of locals and visitors

> Conservation
- Careful management of resources so they are not depleted easily
- Especially for fragile environments easily affected by change

18
Q

How to conserve fragile environments and promote sustainable tourism

A

1) Laws and regulations
2) CBT and minimising leakage
3) UNESCO provides funds and assistance to sites in immediate danger

19
Q

Why is there a need to manage impacts of tourism

A

1) Well preserved attractions attract new and returning tourists
2) Steady arrival of tourists benefit local economy with steady income flow and employment
3) Income motivates locals to care properly for tourist attractions

-Cycle repeats, ensuring viable tourism industry

20
Q

Tensions in managing impacts of tourism

A
  • Mismatch of expectations due to differing needs of both groups (Doxey´s theory)
  • Needs to be balanced when managing impacts of tourism

1) Tourists and locals
2) Tourists and environment

21
Q

Tensions between tourists and locals

A
  • Needs of tourist conflict with needs of locals
  • Conflict with customs and culture, causing inconvenience

e.g. Bali, Indonesia
1) Tourist wear skimpy clothing on hot summer days
- Locals uncomfortable due to country’s conservative values

2) Congestions makes local lives difficult

3) Tourism facilities consume 65% of islands water supply, depriving poorer locals

4) Locals expect tourists to respect local customs, cultures and values
- Tourist fail to do so, leading to tensions
- PDA not acceptable etc.

22
Q

Tensions between Tourists and Environment

A
  • Actions may destroy natural habitat
  • Needs of tourist conflict with need to conserve environment
  • Some natural attractions depend on tourist receipts for conservation

e.g. Machu Picchu, Peru
1) Historical trails eroded by tourists that hike on it
- Sheer weight and combined footsteps slowly damage site

2) Hikers leave rubbish and litter along trail, polluting environment

3) Tourists used helicopters to reach sites. Banned due to noise pollution disturbing indigenous wildlife

23
Q

Measures for managing tensions (S/L): Govt Authorities

A

> Govt authorities
- Important role in balancing and resolving tensions
- Measures balance need of tourists and locals/env

1) Limit number of tourists
2) Withold permission to proceed with tourism-related projects
3) Employ staff
4) Hold discussions with locals
5) Restricting tourists from areas where only locals can be

S: Locals happy abt limiting number of tourists
L: Businesses complain of low pedestrian traffic
- Need for employment undermines conservation attempts

24
Q

Stakeholders in managing tourism

A

1) Local communities (CBT)
2) Visitors
3) Tour operators
4) Planning authorities (govt)
5) NGOs

25
Q

Responsibility of local communities to protect tourist areas (S/L)

A
  • Make use of tourism as platform to earn a living
  • CBT benefits local economy
  • CBT: Tourism with close contact to local communities and works with governmental/non-governmental organisations
  • Minimises leakage ( locals provide direct services and receive earnings directly from tourists

S: Involved in decision making
- Locals can all discuss and decide how to manage tourism for benefit of whole community

S: Increase in local tourism-related employment and businesses
- Locals made priority in tourism industry
- Easily employed when businesses are runed by locals

L: Difficult to obtain funding
- Not enough financial backing to start businesses

L: Shortage of skilled labour
- No experience = no PMETs to run businesses
- Seek aid from NGOs to provide training

26
Q

CBT example

A

> Candirejo
- Set up co-operative with aid of govt to manage and implement CBT related programmes
- Villagers helped in decision making and consultations

2002
-10 homestays, 5 andongs and no restaurants

2004
- 22 homestays, 22 andongs and 6 local restaurants

-Trainings, farms, accommodation and local tours set up

27
Q

Responsibility of visitors to protect tourist areas (S/L)

A
  • Have responsibility to respect both env and local population of place they are visiting
  • Have obligation to visit w/o causing damage or offence

i.e. Select holiday destination based on conservation efforts of place
- minimise carbon footprint
- rewarded with knowledge of avoiding damaging env

S: Fund conservation and preservation
- preserves culture and attraction

S: Provide income and employment
- Income for locals

S: Raise awareness to conserve and preserve attractions
- Realise value of conserving and preserving destination
- Share experiences, raising awareness

L: Damage attractions
- Vandalism and littering
- Sheer volume and foot traffic

L: Dilution of culture and customs
- Commercialise
- Desensitize

28
Q

Responsibility of Tour operators protecting tourist destinations (S/L)

A
  • Those affiliated with well-known tour operators raise awareness of tourist site
  • Have motive to conserve env and tourist destination to keep it attractive for tourists
  • May associate themselves with associations that conserve tourist attractions

S: Provide feedback on tourist attractions
- Valuable experience and input from working with tourists

S: Regulate tourist behaviour
- Prevent littering, trespassing etc
- Incentive to maintain quality of tourist attraction (main source of income)

L: Need to generate profit overrides need to conserve tourist site
- Conflicts with other stakeholders
- Ignore need of preservation to maximise profits

29
Q

Phuket Alternative Tours (Tour operator association)

A
  • Tour operators under association sign Environmental and Cultural Code of Practice

Commit members to operate in:
1) Environmentally sustainable way
2) Seeking to enhance natural environment
3) Create awareness about environmental conservation

30
Q

Responsibility of Planning Authorities to protect tourist sites (S/L)

A
  • MOST IMPORTANT group in ensuring tourist areas are protected
  • Should work closely with tourism industry and local communities by:
    1) Enforcing rules, laws and regulations
    2) Enforcing values
    3) Enforcing principals of sustainable tourism
  • Greatly influence future quality of environments
  • Determines how many visitors a site can cope with
  • Allocates space for infra such as roads and hotels
  • Tourism industry should refer to them when organising tourism related activities
31
Q

STB (Planning authority)

A
  • Account need to conserve national heritage while attracting tourists
  • Enhance cultural zones such as Kampong Glam, Chinatown and Little India
  • Allows locals and tourists to have greater appreciation for SG culture and heritage
32
Q

Responsibility of NGOs to protect tourist sites (S/L)

A
  • Concerned with tourist impact on natural and human environments

S: Facilitates communication between various stakeholders
- Encourages active participation in managing impacts of tourism

S: Supports various stakeholders in managing impacts of tourism
- Manpower, funding, training, campaigning, marketing

L: Difficulty in obtaining funding
- Rely on donations
- May lack financial resources

33
Q

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)

A
  • Developed guidelines on ecotourism
  • Conducted training and provided technical assistance
  • Published research papers related to tourism and env
  • Works with organisations in >150 countries
  • Instrumental in achieving sustainable tourism and protecting environment
34
Q

How stakeholders promote sustainable tourism at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Singapore

A

> Planning authorities
- Build education centers

> NGOs
- Organise displays

> Tour operators
- Host tours and visitors to center

Geography O level 2236 (25 decks)

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