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Geography O level 2236 > Health and Disease KQ2 and KQ3 (HIV) > Flashcards

Health and Disease KQ2 and KQ3 (HIV) Flashcards

1
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks cells of the immune system by destroying white blood cells critical in fighting infection
  • Immune system loses ability to fight infection, causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the final stage of HIV
  • Body prone to infections, basic diseases cause death
  • HIV/AIDS lasts for a lifetime, no known cure
  • HIV-positive persons may not develop symptoms for 9-10 years
  • HIV may develop into AIDS
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2
Q

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?

A
  • Transmitted via blood/bodily fluids

1) Sexual contact
- Most common form of HIV/AIDS transmission
- If partner has STD, risk of infection even higher since immune system already weakened

2) Sharing of infected needles
- Increasing in many DCs
- Accounts for 1/3 of HIV/AIDS infections in North America, China, Eastern Europe

3) Blood transfusions
- Accounts for 5-10% of infections worldwide
- 250-500 people in Africa infected each day from tainted blood

4) Pregnant mothers to baby
- Placenta membrane does not allow HIV virus to pass to unborn child
- Cross contamination of blood and breastfeeding btwn mother and child spread virus
- 25% of babies born to HIV-positive mothers have HIV

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3
Q

Extent and spread of HIV/AIDS

A
  • Spread via expansion and relocation diffusion
  • 40million people living with HIV/AIDS in 2021
  • 54% of HIV-positives women and girls
  • 51% new infections in sub-Saharan Africa
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4
Q

Groups vulnerable to HIV/AIDS

A

1) Infants and children
- 3.4 million living with HIV/AIDS, 390,000 infections per year

2) Women
- 2x more likely than men to contract HIV/AIDS during sex
- More likely to be subjected to sex w/o consent

3) Uneducated
- Lack sexuality education and awareness
- Not knowledgeable about preventive measures/safe sex

4) People participating in risk-taking activities
- Sharing infected needles
- Many sexual parties

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5
Q

Factors contributing to spread of HIV/AIDS

A

> Social
1) Social stigma
2) Education
3) Lifestyle choices
4) Lapses in medical procedures

> Economic
1) Vice trade
2) Mobility
3) Globalisation
4) Tourism

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6
Q

SF: Social stigma

A
  • Extreme disapproval associated with particular circumstance/quality of person
  • Discrimination, rejection, expulsion causes:
    1) Refusal to HC/HS
    2) Rejection by family and community
    3) Expulsion from school, sacked from job
    4) Denial from housing
  • Impedes early intervention and treatment
  • May find prostitutes to avoid prejudice
  • Continues to infect people via expansion diffusion
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7
Q

SF: Education

A
  • Lack of education, unaware how disease is transmitted
  • Do not know how to protect and avoid infection
  • Continue risk taking activities
  • Cultural practices may prevent women from knowing about sex and sexuality until marriage, making women susceptible to STDs, HIV/AIDS etc

e.g. Nigeria, discussion about sex deemed inappropriate, no sex-ed

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8
Q

SF: Lifestyle choices

A
  • Drug injections, sharing of needles and drug paraphernalia
  • Refusal to practice safe sex
  • Refuse to test for diseases
  • Drug injection raise risk of contracting HIV/AIDS by 35x
  • Drug and alcohol intoxication leads to impaired judgement, resulting in unsafe sexual practices
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9
Q

SF: Lapses in medical procedure

A
  • Mistakes, corruption and negligence associated w/ medical practices
  • 5-10% infections transmitted by blood transfusions tainted with HIV/AIDS
  • Result from no effective blood screening before donation

e.g. 1/1.5million in USA are exposed to HIV from medical containers and syringes

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10
Q

EconF: Vice trades

A
  • Business activities involving illegal drugs/commercial sex work

> Commercial sex workers
e.g. China, females from villages to cities in search of work have limited education and job training
- Resort to commercial sex work due to lack of options
- Sex workers 30x more likely to acquire HIV

> Drug trafficking
- Increases chances of sharing needles w/ infected people w/o knowing
- Drug abusers 35x more likely to acquire HIV

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11
Q

EconF: Mobility

A
  • Movement of people from one place to another, often for work reasons
  • Determined by type of work
  • Workers who leave families behind, living in foreign place, feel socially excluded get involved in risk-taking activities (i.e. prostitution, heavy drinking)
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12
Q

EconF: Globalisation

A
  • Development of transportation aids in relocation diffusion
  • HIV relocated more rapidly across globe
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13
Q

EconF: Tourism

A
  • Tourist industry causes relocation
  • Tourists more likely to take risks outside of home
  • Drink more/ unsafe sex practices

e.g. Queensland, Australia, 2010
- Highest incidence of HIV/AIDS (206 cases)
- Tourist travelled to Papua New Guinea, a destination w/ high HIV prevalence

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14
Q

Impacts of HIV/AIDS

A

> Social
1) Life expectancy and IMR
2) Orphan crisis

> Economic
1) Cost of HC
2) Loss of productivity

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15
Q

SI: Life expectancy and IMR

A
  • Increased deaths, decreased life expectancy, population size and slows population growth, IMR increased
  • Large number of deaths in LDCs where HIV/AIDS is prevalent

e.g. Sub Saharan Africa
- Life Expectancy decreased 6 years
- Projected decrease of 10.8 years by 2025

  • Availability and awareness of treatment has improved over the years, life expectancies increasing, IMR decreased
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16
Q

SI: Orphan crisis

A
  • Large numbers of children lose their parents due to HIV/AIDS
  • 17million orphans due to HIV/AIDS, 87% from Sub-Saharan Africa

> Carers and orphanages
- Many orphans cared for by extended family
- Carers plagued by poverty due to medical costs and living expenses incurred from extra burden

  • Orphanages built by NGOs offer some alleviation
  • Still many orphans w/o support from adults
  • Around 500,000 orphans in Kenya have no support from relatives/family friends
  • Vulnerable to forced labour, sex work and child solderism

> Orphans
- Suffer emotional trauma of losing parents
- Often stigmatised by society through association w/ HIV/AIDS
- Assumed to be HIV- positive

  • Loss of parents limits access to basic necessities
  • More likely to suffer from malnutrition
  • Poor education will hinder them from treatment/preventive measures
  • More likely to contract HIV/AIDS themselves
  • Lowered SOL
17
Q

EI: Cost of HC

A
  • Expensive for individual and country
  • Treatment and research
  • HC expenditure from govt
  • Govts/NGOs may choose to bear and subsidise cost of drugs and treatment
  • Diverts resources away from other sectors
  • e.g. South Africa, US$1.2billion spent on HIV/AIDS treatment

> Anti-retroviral drugs
- Keeps HIV/AIDS from progressing in body
- Stops patients from suffering from complications due to HIV/AIDS
- Needs to be taken for a lifetime
- Costs add up to significant amount
- Not all can afford, financial burden

  • May be expensive in both DCs and LDCS
    e.g. SG: US$160-1,200/month
    LDCs: US$6-75/month

> Pregnant women
- Must go through screening for HIV/AIDS prior to delivery
- reduces risks of passing HIV/AIDS to child
- Adds to expenses and financial burden

18
Q

EF: Loss of productivity

A
  • Results in slower economic growth and dev. of country
  • Diversion of resources to treat HIV/AIDS
  • Absence of infra. such as roads, public transport, schools and sanitation facilities
  • Businesses less likely to invest in places w/ inadequate infra and no skilled labour
  • Lack of funds = less effective education system
  • Lower skilled workforce, businesses understaffed
  • Deters foreign investment
  • Hinders economic growth

e.g. Economic growth in Uganda slows 1.2% each year due to HIV/AIDS
- Will reduce up to 39% by 2025 due to HIV/AIDS

19
Q

Challenges in managing HIV/AIDS

A

> Socio-economic
1) Lifestyle choices
2) Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
3) Difficulties in HIV detection
4) Social stigma leading to non-reporting of disease
5) High costs of anti-retroviral drugs
6) Population movement across borders and highways

20
Q

SEC: Lifestyle choices

A
  • Risk-taking activities from young age
    i.e. Sexually active at young age
    i.e. Many sexual partners/polygamy
    i.e. Injecting of drugs
  • Difficult to change/influence people´s lifestyle choices
  • Rooted in traditions, values, beliefs

e.g. Tribes in Africa practice Polygamy
- Testing for HIV/AIDS may not be practiced
- Allows HIV/AIDS to spread further amongst population

21
Q

SEC: Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS

A
  • Drive people to partake in risk-taking activities
  • Due to poor education of sexuality and low HIV/AIDS awareness

e.g. Not able to spread HIV/AIDS when receiving treatment
e.g. Only homosexuals can contract HIV/AIDS

22
Q

SEC: Difficulties in HIV detection

A
  • No visible sign of disease
  • Unknowingly infected people continue w/ normal behaviour, potentially infecting many others
  • People with limited access to HC have greater difficulty obtaining HIV testing
  • Not knowing HIV status major cause of spread of disease
  • 5.9 million unaware they were living w/ HIV in 2021
23
Q

SEC: Social stigma leading to non-reporting of disease

A
  • Social stigma associated w/ HIV causes many to stay away from testing/receiving treatment
  • May choose to remain silent about HIV status
  • Continue to infect sexual partners
  • Choose to not take medicine properly (inconsistent/not take at all)
  • HC providers may deny treatment
  • HIV seen as waste of valuable resources
  • Afraid of catching HIV/AIDS themselves

e.g. 2008 UNAIDS study
- 27% of americans prefer not to work with women with HIV/AIDS

24
Q

SEC: High cost of Anti-retroviral drugs

A
  • Controls disease and improves QOL
  • Reduces risk of transmission
  • Effective in reducing deaths
  • Treatment costly and unaffordable to many
  • Other fees (i.e. consultation) adds to financial burden
  • Long travel and waiting times discourage people from seeking treatment
  • Seen as waste of time that can be used to make money
25
Q

SEC: Population movement across borders and highways

A
  • Higher mobility
  • Prone to risk-taking activities
  • Sex-workers common at major highways, state borders

e.g. Kinshasa Highway, linking Uganda and Kenya
- Known as AIDS highway
- High prevalence of HIV/AIDS amongst sex-workers

  • High population growth = high concentrations of commercial sex workers

Geography O level 2236 (25 decks)

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