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Geography O level 2236 > Food and Resources KQ1 > Flashcards

Food and Resources KQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Indicators of countries development

A

> Economic
1) GDP per capita
2) Employment opportunities

> Social
1) Adult literacy rate
2) Life expectancy

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2
Q

EI: GDP per capita

A
  • Total value of all final goods and services produced by a country in a given year divided by total population
  • Higher the GDP/capita, more developed a country is
  • High GDP usually have more productive industries and well developed services
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3
Q

EI: Employment opportunities

A
  • Availability of jobs in a country
  • More employment opportunities = more jobs for local population = increased SOL
  • Higher the employment rate, faster the development of a country
  • Increased SOL = increased disposable income = increased purchasing power = increased demand for goods and services
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4
Q

SI: Adult literacy rates

A
  • Percentage of those >15y/o who can read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday lives
  • Countries with high literacy rates = more professionals to drive countries economy
  • Higher the ALR, the more developed a country is
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5
Q

SI: Life expectancy

A

-Average number of years a person born in the country is expected to live
- Influenced by level and quality of healthcare, sanitation, food supply and living conditions
- Area affected by war, disease and poverty results in lower life expectancy

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6
Q

Food Indicators

A

1) Food consumption per capita (kg)
2) Total daily Calorie Intake (kcal)
3) Starchy Staples as percentage of all calories

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7
Q

FI: Food consumption per capita

A
  • Avg amount of food a person consumes per year
  • Measured in kg/capita for each different food group
  • Useful to find out changes in food consumption patterns over the years
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8
Q

FI: Total daily calorie intake

A
  • Number of calories obtained from food
  • Avg recommended amt 2,500-3,500 per day
  • If calorie intake >2,500, country is said to be developed
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9
Q

FI: Starchy staples as a percentage of all calories

A
  • Staple foods: form main part of diet
  • Supplies majority of energy and nutrient needs
  • Usually a carbohydrate
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10
Q

Cereals

A
  • Crops harvested for its grain
  • Most important foods source
  • 50% of global calorie intake
  • 70% of African/Asian calorie intake
  • 30% DCs calorie intake
  • Increase in income, decrease in consumption of cereals
  • LDCs 40% diet is cereal, DCs 15% diet is cereal
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11
Q

Meats

A

-Livestock: Domesticated animals where meat and dairy products are obtained
- High in protein and provide essential nutrients

  • Increased income = increased meat consumption
  • LDCs: increased demand for meat due to increasing income
  • DCs: decrease in excess consumption of red meat
  • Linked to health problems such as obesity and heart disease
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12
Q

Fruits and Vegetables

A
  • Increased consumption in both DCs and LDCs
  • LDCs: increase in income, more purchasing power
  • DCs: increased awareness of health benefits

-International organisations (WHO & FAO) promoting fruits and vegetables
- Decrease chances of heart disease, cancer and diabetes

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13
Q

Reasons for food consumption patterns

A

> Economic
1) Disposable income
2) Pricing

> Socio-cultural
3) Food preference (Fast/Organic foods)
4) Population growth

> Political
5) Stability of food supply
6) Threats to food supply
7) Food safety

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14
Q

CP: Economic

A

1) Disposable income
- Income left to an individual after all taxes have been paid
- Increased disposable income = higher purchasing power
- Higher consumption of meat, fruits and veg, lowered consumption of starchy staples
- Quality, quantity and variety of food increases

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15
Q

Disposable income affecting consumption patterns example

A
  • USD$1 increase in income in DCs, 20% spent on food
  • USD$1 increase in income in LDCs, 60% spend on food

e.g. Taiwan aft economic growth
- Rice consumption declines 50% (-1/2)
- Meat consumption increases 300% (4x)
- Fruit consumption increases by 400% (5x)
- Fish consumption increases by 100% (2x)

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16
Q

CP: Pricing

A
  • LDCs more affected by food pricing compared to DCs
  • LDCs disposable income < DCs disposable income
  • LDCs: inflation in prices causes social unrest
  • Riots and protests
  • Govt have to attempt to control pricing of food

-DCs: No riots, people select cheaper options instead

17
Q

Pricing resulting in changing food consumption example

A

2006-2008, global financial crisis
- Food prices inflate = global food crisis
- LDCs not able to afford staple foods
- Pushed 100 million people worldwide into chronic hunger and poerty

18
Q

CP: Food preference, Fast foods

A
  • Differs due to individual concern for health, moral principles, income, environment and religious belief

1) Fast food
- Convenient, made quickly, eaten/packaged for takeaway as quick meal
- Popular since convenient, cheap and comfortable dining atmosphere
- Standardised process ensures consistency and quality of food served

  • Globalisation allows fast food chains to set up in LDCs, more people patronise these outlets due to convenience and pricing
  • DCs: Starting to avoid fast foods due to adverse health effects
  • oil, processed meat, chemicals and preservatives
19
Q

CP: Food preference, organic foods

A
  • Increased in popularity due to health concerns
  • Organic foods grown w/o use of artificial inputs
  • Chosen due to perceived health benefits
  • Demand increased 13% from 2019-2020
20
Q

CP: Population growth

A
  • More food is needed to feed growing population
  • Key driver in increasing food demand
  • LDCs: population growth higher, food demand higher
  • Lack of family planning
  • Need for labour

e.g. World population to increase to 10 billion by 2050, requiring 70% increase in food production

21
Q

CP: Stability of food supply

A
  • Stable food supply: safe and nutritious food is available for all people at all times
  • Achieved through:
    1) increasing food imports
    2) Increasing food production
  • Improve farming tech and agri. land to increase crop yield

e.g. Singapore, imports 90% food, aims to produce 30% food needs by 2030

22
Q

CP: Threats to food supply

A

1) Civil War
- Food and water shortages (not replenished)
- People afraid of venturing out to buy food

e.g. Libya, 2011
- Food stocks depleted and not replenished = food shortage

2) Natural Disasters
- Destroy harvests
- Affect rural areas dependant on local produce

e.g. Zimbabwe, 2008, drought
- Destroyed corn harvests, food shortage and income affected

23
Q

CP: Food safety

A
  • Essential to make sure food is safe for consumption
  • Guidelines to ensures proper processing of food in place
  • Prevents food-borne diseases
  • Govt plays important role
  • Set food safety standards and ensure standards are met
  • Responsible for tracking down contaminated foods to prevent illness

e.g. Fukushima, Japan, 2011
- Nuclear meltdown contaminated farmland and water
- Seafood imports restricted
- Affected consumption of food from Japan
- People avoided Japanese cuisine entirely

24
Q

Inadequate food consumption: Health

A

1) Malnutrition
- Insufficient/imbalanced amount of nutrients for bodily function
- Causes tissue development problems
- Determined by weight, gender and height
- Affects both DCs and LDCs

2) Starvation
- State of extreme hunger from lack of food
- Body skeletally thin and organs permanently damaged

25
Q

Malnutrition and starvation causes and examples

A
  • Elderly, find it difficult to chew and digest food
  • Eat too little, die of malnutrition
  • People with anorexia nervosa/bulimia might develop malnutrition from lack of food
  • 52.5% of all deaths in children <5 due to malnutrition
  • 5 million <5 y/o deaths in LDCs due to malnutrition per year
  • 98% of starvation found in LDCs
26
Q

Excess food consumption: Health

A

1) Obesity and related illnesses
- Excess fat accumulation due to over-consumption of nutrients
- Leads to High blood pressure, coronary heart disease, kidney failure, hypertension, liver diseases and cancers
- Reduces lifespan by around 9 years

  • More prevalent in DCs
  • Higher disposable income = higher purchasing power
  • Likely to overconsume food
  • Emerging economies BRICS seeing rise in obesity
27
Q

Inadequate food consumption: Economic

A

1) Lowered productivity
- Undereat = lowered immunity = fall sick more easily
- Lower rate at which goods and services produced
- Decreased productivity = decreased income
- Children lose education opportunities (lowered ALR)

2) Food aid causing economic debts
- Financial aid provided
- Places burden on both countries
- Bring economic burdens instead of helping

3) Diversion of financial resources to healthcare
- People fall sick = demand for health services increase
- Overall cost of providing healthcare increases
- Limit financial resources in other sectors
- Slows down countries economic growth and development
- More detrimental to LDCs

28
Q

Economic impacts of inadequate food consumption example

A

-Ethiopia: Farmers malnourished, less innovative, less motivated and less experimental = decreased crop yield

29
Q

Excess food consumption: Economic

A

1) Lowered productivity
- Health impacts of obesity causes absence from work/school
- Lowered income
- Companies lose millions of dollars due to low productivity
- Companies might need to pay insurance/provide paid-leave

-Children fall ill more often = unable to attend school = takes away educational opportunities

2) Diversion of financial resources to healthcare
- Public health expenditure increases as a result of treating obesity-related health conditions (usually chronic)
- Government channels more funds to healthcare
- Reduces funds for economical development
- Other sectors receive less funding = overall progress stagnates

30
Q

Economic impacts of excess food consumption examples

A

Employees of Duke University, USA, with BMI of >40 fell sick twice as much while working, leading to decreased productivity and increased compensation claims.

31
Q

Inadequate food consumption: Political

A

1) Social Unrest
- Political situation in which people protest or behave violently, often to communicate their unhappiness about a political system
- Inadequate food consumption = malnourishment/starve = death = unrest = political instability

32
Q

Political impacts of inadequate food consumption example

A

Russian drought of 2010 decreased wheat production
- Inflated prices of wheat
- Food Prices rose by 30% in Mozambique
- Resulted in violent protests
- Injured 400, killed 10

33
Q

Inadequate food consumption: Social

A

1) Scavenging
- Searching through things that others have thrown away
- Eat whatever they can find to prevent starvation

> Health risks
- High levels of bacteria/chemical contamination

> Safety risks
- Dangerous/illegal to trespass into private property to scavenge
- Perceived as nuisance and verbally/physically harassed

34
Q

Scavenging example

A

e.g. Manila, Philipines
- Scavengers sift through food and meals thrown out

  • Smokey mountain Landfill: families set up makeshift homes to have easy and quick access to waste
35
Q

Excess food consumption: Social

A

1) Food wastage
- Excess food available = wasted food
- 230 million tonnes wasted per year
- DCs: Still edible food thrown away
- Strains landfills and wastes materials/resources needed to prep food

2) Dieting
- Overweight due to excessive food consumption
- Go on diet to lose weight
- Regulating amount of food intake to limit bodyweight
- Engage in physical exercise
- Brings employment and value to economy (Fitness industry)

L: Needs to be done healthily to be effective
- Inappropriate dieting leads to depression and malnutrition
(e.g. iron-deficiency anemia, reducing red-blood cell production)

36
Q

Social impacts of excess food consumption examples

A
  • 230 million tonnes food wasted per year
  • DCs: 95-115kg food wasted per person per year
  • LDCs: 6-11kg food wasted per person per year
  • Fitness industry profits USD$250 billion in 2021
  • Books, medication, medical procedures etc.
  • Improper dieting leads to iron-deficiency anaemia, affecting red-blood cell production

Geography O level 2236 (25 decks)

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