Food and Resources KQ1 Flashcards
Indicators of countries development
> Economic
1) GDP per capita
2) Employment opportunities
> Social
1) Adult literacy rate
2) Life expectancy
EI: GDP per capita
- Total value of all final goods and services produced by a country in a given year divided by total population
- Higher the GDP/capita, more developed a country is
- High GDP usually have more productive industries and well developed services
EI: Employment opportunities
- Availability of jobs in a country
- More employment opportunities = more jobs for local population = increased SOL
- Higher the employment rate, faster the development of a country
- Increased SOL = increased disposable income = increased purchasing power = increased demand for goods and services
SI: Adult literacy rates
- Percentage of those >15y/o who can read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday lives
- Countries with high literacy rates = more professionals to drive countries economy
- Higher the ALR, the more developed a country is
SI: Life expectancy
-Average number of years a person born in the country is expected to live
- Influenced by level and quality of healthcare, sanitation, food supply and living conditions
- Area affected by war, disease and poverty results in lower life expectancy
Food Indicators
1) Food consumption per capita (kg)
2) Total daily Calorie Intake (kcal)
3) Starchy Staples as percentage of all calories
FI: Food consumption per capita
- Avg amount of food a person consumes per year
- Measured in kg/capita for each different food group
- Useful to find out changes in food consumption patterns over the years
FI: Total daily calorie intake
- Number of calories obtained from food
- Avg recommended amt 2,500-3,500 per day
- If calorie intake >2,500, country is said to be developed
FI: Starchy staples as a percentage of all calories
- Staple foods: form main part of diet
- Supplies majority of energy and nutrient needs
- Usually a carbohydrate
Cereals
- Crops harvested for its grain
- Most important foods source
- 50% of global calorie intake
- 70% of African/Asian calorie intake
- 30% DCs calorie intake
- Increase in income, decrease in consumption of cereals
- LDCs 40% diet is cereal, DCs 15% diet is cereal
Meats
-Livestock: Domesticated animals where meat and dairy products are obtained
- High in protein and provide essential nutrients
- Increased income = increased meat consumption
- LDCs: increased demand for meat due to increasing income
- DCs: decrease in excess consumption of red meat
- Linked to health problems such as obesity and heart disease
Fruits and Vegetables
- Increased consumption in both DCs and LDCs
- LDCs: increase in income, more purchasing power
- DCs: increased awareness of health benefits
-International organisations (WHO & FAO) promoting fruits and vegetables
- Decrease chances of heart disease, cancer and diabetes
Reasons for food consumption patterns
> Economic
1) Disposable income
2) Pricing
> Socio-cultural
3) Food preference (Fast/Organic foods)
4) Population growth
> Political
5) Stability of food supply
6) Threats to food supply
7) Food safety
CP: Economic
1) Disposable income
- Income left to an individual after all taxes have been paid
- Increased disposable income = higher purchasing power
- Higher consumption of meat, fruits and veg, lowered consumption of starchy staples
- Quality, quantity and variety of food increases
Disposable income affecting consumption patterns example
- USD$1 increase in income in DCs, 20% spent on food
- USD$1 increase in income in LDCs, 60% spend on food
e.g. Taiwan aft economic growth
- Rice consumption declines 50% (-1/2)
- Meat consumption increases 300% (4x)
- Fruit consumption increases by 400% (5x)
- Fish consumption increases by 100% (2x)
CP: Pricing
- LDCs more affected by food pricing compared to DCs
- LDCs disposable income < DCs disposable income
- LDCs: inflation in prices causes social unrest
- Riots and protests
- Govt have to attempt to control pricing of food
-DCs: No riots, people select cheaper options instead
Pricing resulting in changing food consumption example
2006-2008, global financial crisis
- Food prices inflate = global food crisis
- LDCs not able to afford staple foods
- Pushed 100 million people worldwide into chronic hunger and poerty
CP: Food preference, Fast foods
- Differs due to individual concern for health, moral principles, income, environment and religious belief
1) Fast food
- Convenient, made quickly, eaten/packaged for takeaway as quick meal
- Popular since convenient, cheap and comfortable dining atmosphere
- Standardised process ensures consistency and quality of food served
- Globalisation allows fast food chains to set up in LDCs, more people patronise these outlets due to convenience and pricing
- DCs: Starting to avoid fast foods due to adverse health effects
- oil, processed meat, chemicals and preservatives
CP: Food preference, organic foods
- Increased in popularity due to health concerns
- Organic foods grown w/o use of artificial inputs
- Chosen due to perceived health benefits
- Demand increased 13% from 2019-2020
CP: Population growth
- More food is needed to feed growing population
- Key driver in increasing food demand
- LDCs: population growth higher, food demand higher
- Lack of family planning
- Need for labour
e.g. World population to increase to 10 billion by 2050, requiring 70% increase in food production
CP: Stability of food supply
- Stable food supply: safe and nutritious food is available for all people at all times
- Achieved through:
1) increasing food imports
2) Increasing food production - Improve farming tech and agri. land to increase crop yield
e.g. Singapore, imports 90% food, aims to produce 30% food needs by 2030
CP: Threats to food supply
1) Civil War
- Food and water shortages (not replenished)
- People afraid of venturing out to buy food
e.g. Libya, 2011
- Food stocks depleted and not replenished = food shortage
2) Natural Disasters
- Destroy harvests
- Affect rural areas dependant on local produce
e.g. Zimbabwe, 2008, drought
- Destroyed corn harvests, food shortage and income affected
CP: Food safety
- Essential to make sure food is safe for consumption
- Guidelines to ensures proper processing of food in place
- Prevents food-borne diseases
- Govt plays important role
- Set food safety standards and ensure standards are met
- Responsible for tracking down contaminated foods to prevent illness
e.g. Fukushima, Japan, 2011
- Nuclear meltdown contaminated farmland and water
- Seafood imports restricted
- Affected consumption of food from Japan
- People avoided Japanese cuisine entirely
Inadequate food consumption: Health
1) Malnutrition
- Insufficient/imbalanced amount of nutrients for bodily function
- Causes tissue development problems
- Determined by weight, gender and height
- Affects both DCs and LDCs
2) Starvation
- State of extreme hunger from lack of food
- Body skeletally thin and organs permanently damaged
Malnutrition and starvation causes and examples
- Elderly, find it difficult to chew and digest food
- Eat too little, die of malnutrition
- People with anorexia nervosa/bulimia might develop malnutrition from lack of food
- 52.5% of all deaths in children <5 due to malnutrition
- 5 million <5 y/o deaths in LDCs due to malnutrition per year
- 98% of starvation found in LDCs
Excess food consumption: Health
1) Obesity and related illnesses
- Excess fat accumulation due to over-consumption of nutrients
- Leads to High blood pressure, coronary heart disease, kidney failure, hypertension, liver diseases and cancers
- Reduces lifespan by around 9 years
- More prevalent in DCs
- Higher disposable income = higher purchasing power
- Likely to overconsume food
- Emerging economies BRICS seeing rise in obesity
Inadequate food consumption: Economic
1) Lowered productivity
- Undereat = lowered immunity = fall sick more easily
- Lower rate at which goods and services produced
- Decreased productivity = decreased income
- Children lose education opportunities (lowered ALR)
2) Food aid causing economic debts
- Financial aid provided
- Places burden on both countries
- Bring economic burdens instead of helping
3) Diversion of financial resources to healthcare
- People fall sick = demand for health services increase
- Overall cost of providing healthcare increases
- Limit financial resources in other sectors
- Slows down countries economic growth and development
- More detrimental to LDCs
Economic impacts of inadequate food consumption example
-Ethiopia: Farmers malnourished, less innovative, less motivated and less experimental = decreased crop yield
Excess food consumption: Economic
1) Lowered productivity
- Health impacts of obesity causes absence from work/school
- Lowered income
- Companies lose millions of dollars due to low productivity
- Companies might need to pay insurance/provide paid-leave
-Children fall ill more often = unable to attend school = takes away educational opportunities
2) Diversion of financial resources to healthcare
- Public health expenditure increases as a result of treating obesity-related health conditions (usually chronic)
- Government channels more funds to healthcare
- Reduces funds for economical development
- Other sectors receive less funding = overall progress stagnates
Economic impacts of excess food consumption examples
Employees of Duke University, USA, with BMI of >40 fell sick twice as much while working, leading to decreased productivity and increased compensation claims.
Inadequate food consumption: Political
1) Social Unrest
- Political situation in which people protest or behave violently, often to communicate their unhappiness about a political system
- Inadequate food consumption = malnourishment/starve = death = unrest = political instability
Political impacts of inadequate food consumption example
Russian drought of 2010 decreased wheat production
- Inflated prices of wheat
- Food Prices rose by 30% in Mozambique
- Resulted in violent protests
- Injured 400, killed 10
Inadequate food consumption: Social
1) Scavenging
- Searching through things that others have thrown away
- Eat whatever they can find to prevent starvation
> Health risks
- High levels of bacteria/chemical contamination
> Safety risks
- Dangerous/illegal to trespass into private property to scavenge
- Perceived as nuisance and verbally/physically harassed
Scavenging example
e.g. Manila, Philipines
- Scavengers sift through food and meals thrown out
- Smokey mountain Landfill: families set up makeshift homes to have easy and quick access to waste
Excess food consumption: Social
1) Food wastage
- Excess food available = wasted food
- 230 million tonnes wasted per year
- DCs: Still edible food thrown away
- Strains landfills and wastes materials/resources needed to prep food
2) Dieting
- Overweight due to excessive food consumption
- Go on diet to lose weight
- Regulating amount of food intake to limit bodyweight
- Engage in physical exercise
- Brings employment and value to economy (Fitness industry)
L: Needs to be done healthily to be effective
- Inappropriate dieting leads to depression and malnutrition
(e.g. iron-deficiency anemia, reducing red-blood cell production)
Social impacts of excess food consumption examples
- 230 million tonnes food wasted per year
- DCs: 95-115kg food wasted per person per year
- LDCs: 6-11kg food wasted per person per year
- Fitness industry profits USD$250 billion in 2021
- Books, medication, medical procedures etc.
- Improper dieting leads to iron-deficiency anaemia, affecting red-blood cell production
