Plate Tectonics (Types and landforms) KQ1&2 Flashcards
Define Natural Hazard
Naturally occurring event that threatens human lives and causes damage to property
Tectonic hazard: caused by plate movement
Climate-related: caused by severe/extreme weather and climate conditions
What is the internal structure of the earth?
- Crust
- Oceanic: Denser Basalt, 5-8km,
- Continental: Lighter Granite, 30-70km - (Upper and lower) Mantle
-800-3000c
-Solid rocks flowing under high temp and pressure
-2900km - Outer Core
-3000-5000c
-Liquid metals (iron/nickel),
-2100km - Inner Core
-3000-5000c
-Solid Metals (iron/nickel),
-1400km
Convection currents (5)
1) Core heats mantle
2) Magma expands, rises and spreads out beneath plates
3) Spreading under crust = divergent movement
4) Cool and sinking magma = dragging crust = convergent movement
5) Mantle material heated up by core again and process is repeated
Slab-Pull force (2)
1) Denser subducting plates pull rest of plate behind it
2) Upward rising convection currents push plate along while downward sinking currents drag plate down.
O-O Plates Divergence
1) Magma flows through C&F and solidifies, forming new seafloor (seafloor spreading)
2) Magma accumulates higher, MOR and undersea volcanoes formed
3) MOR accumulates above MSL, volcanic island (belt) formed
O-O divergence examples
MOR
-Mid-Atlantic ridge
-North-American plate and Eurasian Plate
Undersea Volcanoes
-Azores, mid Atlantic Ocean
C-C plate divergence
1) Crust pulled apart,
2) Fractures formed
3) Central blocks sink and linear depression formed
4) Rift valley and block mountains w/ volcanoes and EQs
C-C divergence examples
East African Rift Valley System
- African plates: Nubian plate boundary, somalian plate boundary
-30-60km long
-EQ and volcanoes
O-O convergent plates
1) Denser subducts under less dense
2) Folds less dense crust downwards, forming oceanic trench
3) Subducted crust melts, forming magma
4) Magma rises through C&F, undersea vocanoes
5) repeated eruptions = accumulation of magma = rise above sea level forming volcanic islands
O-O convergence examples
Mariana trench and islands
-Pacific plate subducting under philipines plate (Mariana trench)
- Magma rises to overlying philipines plate (Mariana islands)
C-C plate convergence
1) resists subduction
2) Plates compressed, buckle and fold, creating fold mountains
- No volcanoes formed, plates too thick for magma to exploit
C-C plate convergence example
Himalayas
-Indian and Eurasian plate
O-C plate convergence
1) oceanic plate subducts under continental plate
2) Oceanic trench formed at subduction zone
3) Fold mountains formed on continental plate
4) Magma rises through C&F fold mountains become volcanoes
5) EQs
O-C plate convergence examples
Sunda Trench and Barisan Mountains
-Australian plate and Eurasian plate
Transform plate boundaries
1) Plates slide past each other (same or op direction)
2) Form faultlines = stress = EQs