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Neuroscience > Touch, taste, smell > Flashcards

Touch, taste, smell Flashcards

1
Q

What information does the somatosensory system provide ?

A

The somatosensory system provides information about touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, both on the surface of the skin and inside the body.

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2
Q

What are the 3 interacting somatosensory systems ?

A

The exteroceptive system (cutaneous/skin senses), The interoceptive system (organic senses), The proprioceptive (kinesthesia) system

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3
Q

The exteroceptive system (cutaneous/skin senses)

A

Responds to external stimuli applied to the skin

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4
Q

The interoceptive system (organic senses)

A

Provides information about conditions within the body and is responsible for efficient regulation of its internal milieu

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5
Q

The proprioceptive (kinesthesia) system

A

Monitors information about the position of the body, posture and movement.

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6
Q

3 layers of skin :

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
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7
Q

______ skin is ‘hairless’ skin (e.g., palms of hands and feet). It is where we are the most sensitive.

A

Glabrous

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8
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Detect very light touch and localized edge contours (brail-like stimuli). They cause pressure sensitive ion channels to open when touched. They are encapsulated.

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9
Q

Where are Meissneir’s corpuscles ?

A

Only on glabrous skin

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10
Q

Are Meissneir’s corpuscles encapsulated?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Merkel disks

A

Not encapsulated. They are sensitive to simple touch (local skin indentations).

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12
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Encapsulated and also sensitive to vibrations (light touch).

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13
Q

Ruffini corpuscles are sensitive to …

A

Stretch and the kinesthetic sense of finger position and movement.

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14
Q

2 categories of thermal receptors

A

those that respond to warmth and those that respond to coolness

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15
Q

Temperature information is poorly _____ and _____ than touch

A

Poorly localized and slower

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16
Q

True or false : the axons that carry temperature to the CNS are unmyelinated or thinly myelinated.

A

True

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17
Q

Some of the receptor proteins that are sensitive to temperature can also be activated by certain _____

A

Ligands

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18
Q

capsaicin molecules activate ____ receptors

A

Heat

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19
Q

Temperature channels are temperature gated ___ channels.

A

Ion

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20
Q

Axons from skin, muscles, and internal organs enter the CNS via _____nerves.

A

Spinal

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21
Q

Poorly localized information (e.g., crude touch, temperature, and pain) crosses over the midline in the ____ ____, just after the first synaptic connection.

A

Spinal cord

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22
Q

After the spinal cord, poorly localized information ascends to the ______ through the _______ tract.

A

Thalamus through the spinothalamic tract.

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23
Q

Highly localized information (e.g., fine touch) ascends ______ through the _____ column of the spinal cord.

A

Ipsilaterally through the dorsal column of the spinal cord.

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24
Q

The first synapse in the highly localized information pathway is in the _____.

A

Medulla

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25
Q

From the medulla, the highly localized nformation crosses over to the contralateral side as it ascends to the _______.

A

Thalamus

26
Q

Both high and poorly localized info. pathways get bundled together in the _____ before synapsing in the thalamus.

A

Midbrain

27
Q

When different sites of primary _______ cortex are electrically stimulated, patients report sensations in specific parts of their bodies (pain, temperature).

A

Somatosensory

28
Q

The relationship between cortical stimulations and body sensations is reflected in a ______ map of the body surface.

A

Somatotopic

29
Q

Tactile _____ is damage in the somatosensory cortex.

A

Agnosia

30
Q

Patients with tactile agnosia have trouble identifying objects by ____ alone.

A

Touch

31
Q

Chronic pain is in the _____ lobe

A

Parietal

32
Q

Phantom limb sensation is due to confusion in the __ ___

A

Somatosensory cortices

33
Q

6 tastes

A
  1. Sweetness (sugar molecules)
  2. Umami (glutamate or glutamine molecules)
  3. Bitterness (variety of molecules)
  4. Saltiness (positive ions like sodium)
  5. Sourness (pH level, concentration of free hydrogen ions)
  6. Fat (fatty acids)
34
Q

These tastes are activated by metabotropic receptors

A

Sweetness, umami, bitterness, fat (also fatty acid transporters)

35
Q

Taste linked to highly permeabe to sodium ion channel

A

Saltiness

36
Q

Taste linked to ion channel that is highly permeable to free protons

A

Sourness

37
Q

MSG (monosodium glutamate) is an _____ that activates both salt and umami receptors.

A

Amino acid

38
Q

When a taste molecule binds to a taste receptor protein, it produces a change in ____ _____

A

Membrane potential

39
Q

Taste buds contain 20 to 150 ____ receptor cells, some for each type of taste (sugar, umami, bitter, salt, sour, or fat).

A

Taste

40
Q

True or false : taste receptor cells do not have traditional action potentials. They release neurotransmitter in a graded fashion.

A

True

41
Q

Taste receptor cells are replaced about every ___days, because they are directly exposed to a rather hostile environment of our mouth.

A

10

42
Q

True or false : The papilla is not where taste receptors are.

A

True

43
Q

___ and ____ taste receptor cells are instinctively rewarding

A

Sugar and umami

44
Q

The primary _____ cortex is in the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

A

Gustatory, insula

45
Q

Odorant molecules are _____ substances (stay in the air)

A

Volatile

46
Q

Most of odorant molecules are ____ soluble and of organic origin (come from life

A

Lipid

47
Q

The receptor proteins that transduce odorants into a change in membrane potential are ______ g protein-coupled receptors.

A

Metabotropic

48
Q

Humans express ~___ different types of odorant receptors.

A

400

49
Q

The tissue of the nasal sinus that sits underneath the skull (the cribriform plate) and contains olfactory receptors cells.

A

Olfactory epithelium

50
Q

Each olfactory cell expresses ___ type(s) of olfactory receptor protein.

A

1

51
Q

Olfactory receptor cells synapse in ____ in the olfactory bulb, which in turn sends axons into the brain.

A

Glomurelli

52
Q

Each _____ processes information from 1 type of olfactory receptor cell (1 smell)

A

Glomerulus

53
Q

Olfactory information does not relay in the thalamus. It goes directly to primary olfactory cortex in the _____ lobe and the _____.

A

Temporal lobe and the amygdala.

54
Q

4 roles of pheromones

A
  • attract or repel other members of the same species
  • signal attractiveness and sexual receptivity
  • mark a path to follow (as seen in ants)
  • signal danger (in urine)
55
Q

Pheromones are non ____

A

Volatile

56
Q

___ to ____ pheromone signaling is especially powerful.

A

Female to male

57
Q

If the ______ system is functional in a male mouse, they will only attempt to mate with female mice that are in heat.

A

Vomeronasal

58
Q

Lee-Boot Effect

A

When female mice are housed together (without any male urine present), their estrous cycles slow down and eventually stop.

59
Q

Whitten Effect

A

Pheromones in the urine of male mice can trigger synchronous estrus cycles in groups of female mice.

60
Q

Vandenbergh Effect

A

Earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males.

61
Q

Bruce Effect

A

The tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male.

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