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Neuroscience > Neurological disorders > Flashcards

Neurological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

2nd most frequent cause of death worldwide

A

Stroke

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2
Q

Strokes are associated with ____ heart disease

A

Ischemic heart disease

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3
Q

1 in _ adults experience a stroke in their lifetime

A

4

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4
Q

True or false : chances of stroke increase with age

A

True (double each decade after 45yo, until 1-2% per age by 75yo)

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5
Q

Main cause of stroke

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Process in which linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque

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7
Q

What forms the layer of plaque of Atherosclerosis

A

Deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and cellular waste products

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8
Q

Risk factors of strokes

A

Age, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, obesity, poor diet, and lack of exercise.

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis is also a precursor to …

A

Heart attacks (myocardial infarction)

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10
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques often form in the ___ ___ artery

A

Internal carotid artery

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11
Q

The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the ___ ____

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques cause narrowing of the ____

A

Artery

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13
Q

Narrowing of the artory increases stroke risk by increasing ___ _____

A

Blood pressure

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14
Q

Narrowing of the artery can be visualized in an ____

A

Angiogram

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15
Q

An Angiogram is produced by injecting ____ ____ into the blood and examining the artery with an X-ray.

A

Radiopaque dye

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16
Q

Stroke caused by blockage of a cerebral blood vessel

A

Ischemic stroke

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17
Q

Treatment for an ischemic stroke

A

Thinning the blood to dissolve blood clots

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18
Q

Most common stroke type

A

Ischemic (87% of time)

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19
Q

Name for the clot that forms within a blood vessel reducing blood flow to the affected area

A

Thrombus

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20
Q

This clot can directly cause a stroke, or pieces that break off may form an embolus that blocks the artery.

A

Thrombus

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21
Q

What is an embolus

A

When a piece of tissue (blood clot, fat, or bacterial debris) dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery.

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22
Q

An embolus can cause a ___

A

Stroke

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23
Q

As the thrombus gets bigger, blood pressure _____.

A

Increases

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24
Q

Eventually, a small piece of thrombus breaks off : we call it an ____

A

Embolus

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25
Q

Embolus gets into capillaries, and restrict blood flow to specific areas of the ____

A

Brain

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26
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel, causing blood to leak out.

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27
Q

What is the goal of hemorrhagic stroke treatment ?

A

Make the blood thicker and increase blood clots.

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28
Q

Hemorraghic stroke reduces access to ____ for the neurons by compression

A

Nutrients

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29
Q

Brain damage from stroke varies based on the size of the ___

A

Affected blood vessels

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30
Q

Once neurons don’t receive nutrients, they die within …

A

A half hour

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31
Q

What types of therapy may held brain function improve after permanent brain damage ?

A

Speech, occupational, physical

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32
Q

What method might minimize brain damage from Ischemic stroke ?

A

Administer drugs that dissolve blood clots to reestablish circulation.

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33
Q

“Clot-busting” drugs are called ____

A

Thrombolytics

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34
Q

This thrombolytic works best when given a few hours after an Ischemic stroke

A

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

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35
Q

Devices to secure/remove occlusion are often thread through the _____ system to the site of an occlusion.

A

Vascular

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36
Q

3 devices that may be used to secure and remove occlusions

A

Coils, aspiration devices, stents

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37
Q

Stents also physically ____ arteries

A

Enlarge

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38
Q

Drugs for stroke treatment reduce swelling and inflammation in the ____

A

Brain

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39
Q

Diet and exercice are recommended after a stroke to reduce _____

A

Cholesterol

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40
Q

What type of stimulation might help after a stroke ?

A

Sensory stimulation

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41
Q

Constrain-induced movement therapy

A

Being forced to use your weak side

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42
Q

After a stroke, you get back to childhood level and need to create new neuronal connections to ____ the brain

A

Rewire

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43
Q

Tumor

A

Mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function.

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44
Q

What creates uncontrolled cell growth ?

A

A cell starts dividing uncontrollably because of genetic mutations.

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45
Q

When do genes get genetic mutations ?

A

Every time a gene divides, it gets a gene mutation.

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46
Q

What makes a cell more likely to divide uncontrollably ?

A

Some cells over time get the perfect combination of gene mutations to divide too much.

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47
Q

Cells that divide the most are ____ prone to cancer

A

More

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48
Q

True or false : Neurons in our brain don’t cause cancer because they do not divide.

A

True

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49
Q

What cells in the brain CAN cause cancer ?

A

Glial cells

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50
Q

Non-malignant tumor

A

Noncancerous (“benign”) tumor.

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51
Q

What is the border of non-malignant tumors like ?

A

Distinct border

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52
Q

Can non-malignant tumor cells metastasize ?

A

No

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53
Q

True or false : non-malignant tumors are easier to remove

A

True

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54
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Cancerous (“harm-producing”) tumor.

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55
Q

Can malignant tumor cells metastasize ?

A

Yes

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56
Q

What is the border of malignant tumors like ?

A

Lacks distinct border

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57
Q

Metastasis

A

Process by which cells break off from a tumor to go grow elsewhere in the body

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58
Q

What pathway do cells from a tumor use to travel through the body ?

A

The vascular system

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59
Q

Major distinction between malignancy and non-malignacy

A

Whether the tumor is encapsulated (distinct border between the mass of tumor cells and the surrounding tissue)

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60
Q

When an encapsulated tumor gets cut off, it will not ____

A

Regrow

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61
Q

if the tumor is cancerous it grows by ______ the surrounding tissue, and there will be no clear-cut border between tumor and normal tissue.

A

Infiltrating

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62
Q

When surgeons remove malignant tumors, some cancer cells are missed, and they produce ____ ______.

A

New tumors

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63
Q

Any tumor growing in the brain, malignant or benign, can produce _____ symptoms and threaten the patient’s life

A

Neurological

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64
Q

Tumors damage brain tissue by two means:

A
  1. Compression
  2. Infiltration
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65
Q

Compression can directly destroy brain tissue, or it can do so indirectly by blocking flow of _____ ____

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (outflow)

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66
Q

Hydrocephalus/water brain

A

A brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid due to compression

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67
Q

Where do tumor initiating cells originate from in gliomas ?

A

The neural stem cells that make glia.

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68
Q

Medulloblastoma

A

Neural stem cells that give birth to neurons and glia that will form the cerebellum starts to divide uncontrollably (cancerous tumor).

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69
Q

How do glia tumor cells differ from other tumor cells ?

A

They rapidly proliferate and are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation than most tumor cells.

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70
Q

The survival rate from malignant gliomas is very ____.

A

Low

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71
Q

This method can be successful at curing tumors.

A

Extract blood, put the blood cells in a petri dish and add DNA into them. We then make the immune cells expert at killing the tumor cells.

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72
Q

Meningioma is an example of a non-malignant tumor because…

A

It is encapsulated in the meninges.

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73
Q

How can meningioma still be dangerous even if not cancerous ?

A

Danger of killing neurons by compression if not taken out.

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74
Q

What are meningioma tumor cells composed of ?

A

Cells that constitute the meninges – the dura mater or arachnoid membrane – often right between the two cerebral hemispheres.

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75
Q

Usual symptoms of meningioma

A

Long-lasting headache and weakness on a side of the body

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76
Q

A big meningioma tumor can cause a ____

A

Stroke

77
Q

The immune system is trying to fight viruses off, but if the virus or the inflammation gets severe enough, it can cause _____damage.

A

Brain

78
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain caused by infection (bacterial or viral), toxic chemicals, or allergic reaction

79
Q

Symptoms of encephalitis

A

Headache, fever, nausea

80
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges caused by viruses or bacteria

81
Q

Meningitis symptoms

A

Headache and stiff neck

82
Q

Meningitis treatment

A

Antibiotics

83
Q

Polio (acute anterior poliomyelitis)

A

Viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis (in a small fraction of people).

84
Q

Viral disease that launched the vaccine movement

A

Polio

85
Q

Viral disease that causes brain damage and death; usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal

A

Rabies

86
Q

Rabies enters the ___ neurons

A

Motor

87
Q

Rabies replicates until ____

A

Death ☠

88
Q

What is the treatment for rabies ?

A

Maximum 2 weeks to treat it with antiviral medication

89
Q

Herpes simplex virus

A

Virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips or genitals.

90
Q

In rare cases, herpes enters the brain’s, causing _____

A

Encephalitis

91
Q

Leading cause of death in young people

A

Traumatic brain injury

92
Q

Closed-head injury/concussion

A

Caused by a blow to the head with a blunt object

93
Q

True or false : a closed-head injury can make you lose consciousness

A

True

94
Q

Symptoms of a closed-head injury

A

Tiredness, nausea, dizziness

95
Q

Once you have a concussion, it’s better to avoid … in the future

A

Another concussion in the future

96
Q

Coup

A

When the brain comes into violent contact with the inside of the skull

97
Q

Contrecoup

A

After the coup, when the brain recoils in the opposite direction and smashes against the skull again

98
Q

Open-head injury

A

Caused by penetrating brain injuries (open head injuries), something enters the brain.

99
Q

In an open-head injury, damaged __ ___ exacerbate the injury

A

Blood vessels

100
Q

In open-head injury, there is increased ____in the brain due to blood loss

A

Increased pressure in the brain due to blood loss

101
Q

2 causes of brain damage in open-head injury

A

Pressure and inflammation

102
Q

What is the role of glial cells in both types of brain injury ?

A

Glial cells divide to try to fix the problem and cause increased pressure in the brain.

103
Q

When this fluid builds up, the brain injury is an emergency

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

104
Q

How do doctors treat cerebrospinal fluid build-up?

A

The doctor will drill a hole into the skull

105
Q

scarring often forms within the brain, around the injury, which increases risk of developing ____

A

Seizures

106
Q

How do brain injuries disturb the neural network, increasing seizures risk ?

A

There is an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurons around the scar tissue, and if a few become hyper excitable, it can cause seizures.

107
Q

True or false : Even mild, undiagnosed cases of TBI (mTBI) greatly increase a person’s risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases down the road.

A

True

108
Q

True or false : TBI increase the risk of getting Alzheimer earlier

A

True

109
Q

The most common cause of seizures

A

Scarring due to injury, stroke, tumor or developmental brain abnormality

110
Q

2 other causes of seizures

A

High fevers (especially in young children) and withdrawal from GABA agonists (alcohol and barbiturates)

111
Q

When people take a lot of the sedative barbiturate or alcohol, the brain gets used to turning down the expression of ____ because of their boosting from substances.

A

GABA receptor

112
Q

If people try stopping sedatives after decades of use, it can lead to death because of too much _____ in the brain.

A

Excitation

113
Q

Why is it difficult to treat alcohol induced seizures ?

A

Usually seizures are treated by sedatives, but alcoholics already have inhibition from alcohol, so they end up having too much GABA inhibition.

114
Q

Gene mutations cause neural network instability by affecting … (3)

A
  1. the amount/function of different ion channels in the brain
  2. the reciprocal wiring of excitatory and inhibitory neurons
  3. the rules that govern synaptic plasticity
115
Q

True or false : neurons just have to be too excitable in a small area of the brain to destabilize the entire network

A

True

116
Q

Preferred term for epilepsy

A

Seizure disorder

117
Q

True or false : most seizures involve convulsions of the body

A

False

118
Q

The seizures that cause muscle contractions affect ____ neurons

A

motor neurons

119
Q

Convulsion

A

Violent sequence of uncontrollable muscle movements caused by a seizure.

120
Q

Partial (focal) seizure

A

Seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to rest of brain. It can occur anywhere in the brain.

121
Q

The symptoms of a partial seizure relate to the ___

A

Part of the brain undergoing the seizure

122
Q

Simple partial seizure

A

Does not procure loss of consciousness

123
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

Procures a loss of consciousness

124
Q

When people have many seizures, the seizures tend to recruit more neural ____ , and grows and spreads around the brain.

A

Neural tissue

125
Q

Why do synaptic connections strengthen during seizures ?

A

All neurons start firing at the same time during seizures, and strengthen synaptic connections, allowing the seizure to spread further and further.

126
Q

Generalized seizure

A

Seizure that involves most of the brain (a non-localized seizure).

127
Q

3 types of generalized seizure

A

tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and absence seizures

128
Q

Generalized seizure always involves …

A

Loss of consciousness

129
Q

Seizures can spread across neighboring areas of the brain ____ and _____episode

A

Within and across

130
Q

What will the doctor do if you have 1 seizure ?

A

The doctor will try to identify a specific change to not make it happen again

131
Q

What is the effect of drugs used to treat repeated seizures ?

A

GABA agonists to boost GABA activity, or drugs that block specific ion channels

132
Q

People can have seizures induced in hospitals and then have the ___ starting the seizure removed

A

neurons

133
Q

Why does removing brain tissue usually help seizures ?

A

Dysregulated neurons are destabilizing the brain and reducing functions. Removing them gives the surrounding neurons the chance to get back their original function.

134
Q

Grand mal seizure is usually in ___ adults/children

A

Adults 🧑

135
Q

Aura

A

Sensation that precedes a seizure. Not painful.

136
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure (type of grand mal)

A

A generalized, grand mal seizure that typically starts with an aura, followed by a tonic phase and then a clonic phase.

137
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure always involve…

A

Convulsions

138
Q

Tonic phase

A

First phase of tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted. The patient loses consciousness.

139
Q

Clonic phase

A

Second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which patient shows rhythmic jerking movements. People can hurt themselves at this stage.

140
Q

What happens after the clonic phase ?

A

Transition to sleep

141
Q

True or false : children are especially susceptible to seizure disorder

A

True

142
Q

Many children do not have tonic-clonic episodes but instead have brief seizures that are referred to as spells of _____

A

Absence

143
Q

Absence seizures are also known as ____

A

Petit mal seizures

144
Q

What happens during absence seizures ?

A

People stop what they are doing, stare off into the distance, and often blink their eyes repeatedly. Most absence seizures are less than 15 seconds and there are no convulsions.

145
Q

Behavior of neurons in absence seizures

A

All neurons go in a wave back and forward.

146
Q

True or false : People grow out of absence seizures most of the time.

A

True (and no resulting brain damage)

147
Q

What causes absence seizures ?

A

Caused by mutations in the voltage gated calcium channels. Blockers for these channels are effective at stopping them.

148
Q

3 types of generalized seizures

A

Tonic-clonic (grand-mal), absence (petit-mal), atonic (paralysis instead of convulsions)

149
Q

True or false : partial seizures can become general seizures

A

True (as neurons wire up together)

150
Q

Seizure disorders are treated with anticonvulsant drugs, such as enzodiazepines, many of which work by increasing effectiveness of _____ synapses

A

Inhibitory

151
Q

True or false : Most seizure disorders respond well enough to medications that the patient can lead a normal life

A

True

152
Q

What happens when drugs don’t reduce seizures ?

A

The seizure foci remain so irritable that brain surgery is required

153
Q

Exposure to certain toxins, viruses, and drugs during pregnancy can …

A

Impair fetal brain development and cause intellectual disability.

154
Q

Dangerous toxins

A

Organophosphates (from insecticides) and heavy metals such as lead and mercury.

155
Q

Famous viruses that alter brain development include …

A

Rubella virus (German measles) and the Zika virus (Brazil).

156
Q

____ is one of the most dangerous drugs during pregnancy

A

Alcohol

157
Q

Babies born to alcoholic women are typically ____than average and develop more _____.

A

Smaller and develop more slowly

158
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Serious condition associated with alcohol consumption during the 3rd and 4th week of pregnancy, which is associated with certain facial anomalies and severe intellectual disabilities

159
Q

True or false : Babies can be born addicted to drugs, and go through withdrawal following birth. Afterwards, kids are generally fine.

A

True

160
Q

“Errors of metabolism”

A

Genetic abnormalities in which the instructions for a particular protein are in error.

161
Q

What is typical enzyme error that causes inherited metabolic disorders

A

Enzyme is not synthesized on account of mutations in both copies of the gene (it must be from both parents)

162
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Recessive ereditary disorder caused by the absence of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine.

163
Q

Accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage unless a special ____ is implemented soon after birth for the remaining years of life.

A

Diet

164
Q

Phenylalanine levels are very ____ without the right enzyme

A

High

165
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Heritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder in which the lack of an enzyme in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste produces and swelling of cells within the brain

166
Q

With Tay-Sachs disease, you are missing an enzyme that breaks down ____ to recycle them.

A

Fatty acids

167
Q

In Tay-Sachs disease, ___ get bigger until they take over all the neurons, causing death within a few years.

A

Lysosomes

168
Q

Can you prevent the birth of a child with Tay-Sachs ?

A

Yes, by testing embryos

169
Q

What causes down syndrome ?

A

Down syndrome is the result of having an extra twenty-first chromosome. You have 3 copies of the twenty-first chromosome.When the sperm or eggs were made, one of those cells got an extra 21st chromosome and then the baby inherited it.

170
Q

Is down syndrome hereditary ?

A

It is congenital, meaning there from birth, but it is not necessarily hereditary.

171
Q

Traits of people with down syndrome

A

Moderate to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

172
Q

After age 30, the brains of people with Down syndrome begin to degenerate in a manner similar to that of ______disease

A

Alzheimer’s disease (because a protein on the 21st chromosome causes Alzheimer’s)

173
Q

Mosaic down syndrome condition

A

When half of the cells have the extra chromosome, this happens in normal cell division in the developing embryo.

174
Q

An autoimmune demyelinating disease that usually starts in people’s late twenties.

A

Multiple sclerosis

175
Q

MS is a sporadic disease, meaning…

A

Not obviously caused by an inherited gene mutation or an infectious agent.

176
Q

At scattered locations within the _____ system, myelin sheaths are attacked by the person’s own immune system

A

Central nervous

177
Q

Sclerotic plaques

A

Attacked myelin sheaths leave behind these hard patches of debris

178
Q

True or false : Action potentials do not successfully propagate down demyelinated axons

A

True

179
Q

Damage in MS occurs in ____matter (axon paths) throughout the brain and spinal cord, resulting in a wide variety of neurological disorders.

A

White

180
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Tingling sensations and weakness.

181
Q

Flare ups in MS

A

Symptoms recede for varying periods of time then come back

182
Q

MS is more common in northern climate and ____

A

Women

183
Q

Usually, remitting-relapsing MS is followed by _____ MS.

A

Progressive

184
Q

Progressive MS

A

Slow, continuous increase in MS symptoms

185
Q

True or false : There is not yet an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis

A

True

186
Q

Interferon β

A

A protein that modulates immune system activity, and gets it to focus on something else than myelin

187
Q

Glatiramer acetate

A

Flood the blood with peptides that mimic myelin (the decoy approach) so the immune system will destroy them

188
Q

Hypothesis of cause of MS

A

A childhood disease disrupts the immune system, causing it to attack healthy myelin later in life.

189
Q

True or false : you only need to grow up for 15 years in a northern climate for your MS disposition to be set

A

True

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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