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Neuroscience > Autism, ADHD, depression > Flashcards

Autism, ADHD, depression Flashcards

1
Q

Mental illnesses can occur at any age, and they can be ______

A

Temporary

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2
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders are clearly evident in childhood or at birth, and they last for ___

A

Life

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3
Q

Neurodvelopmental disorders

A

Autism, intellectual disability, ADHD, and motor disorders such as Tourette’s syndrome.

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4
Q

Mental illnesses that affect males and females at similar rates

A

schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

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5
Q

Mental illnesses that are more common in women

A

Anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, Anorexia and Bulimia

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6
Q

Neurodevelopment disorders that are more common in males

A

Autism, ADHD, intellectual disability, Tourette

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7
Q

Perceptual biases

A

Could create an illusion of a sex difference between male and female behavior

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8
Q

Socialization

A

Maybe males and female have the same underlying symptomology, but they express it differently.

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9
Q

Males are _ times as likely as womoen to receive a diagnosis of autism.

A

4

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10
Q

On average, males who get the diagnosis have significantly ____fewer/more harmful gene variants than females who have the diagnosis.

A

Fewer

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11
Q

Rare gene copy number variations (CNV)

A

A section of the genome (chromosome) is duplicated or missing. Can cause autism

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12
Q

CNVs seem to cause autism at much higher rate in ___males/females

A

Males

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13
Q

Females with CNVs present with much ___ and ____ severe symptoms than males do.

A

Fewer and less

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14
Q

Rare CNVs are inherited from ____mothers/fathers

A

Mothers (less affected = more reproductive success)

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15
Q

Heterogametic sex

A

Sex with different chromosomes

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16
Q

Heterogametic sex in mammals and most insects

A

XY (male)

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17
Q

Heteogametic sex in birds, butterflies, some fish & reptiles

A

ZW (female)

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18
Q

The heterogametic sex tends to show more ____ at a very young age on all kinds of traits (from body morphology to cell physiology)

A

Variability

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19
Q

Having one X chromosome creates developmental _____ , whereas two XX chromosomes promotes developmental robustness.

A

Instability

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20
Q

Social explanation for more mental illnesses in women

A

Women experience higher rates of abuse, poverty, discrimination, etc.

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21
Q

The incidence and severity of anxiety and depression fluctuate with changes in _____ signaling in females, particularly around puberty, childbirth, and menopause.

A

Hormone

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22
Q

Hormone signaling dramatically affects ___ network dynamics, and the brains of females must constantly adapt

A

Neural

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23
Q

In menopause hot flashes, the _____ mistakenly believes body temperature is way too high when there is slight body temperature shifts

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Symptoms of autism

A

Troubles with social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior.

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25
Q

The incidence of autism is around __% of population.

A

2

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26
Q

Parents usually notice signs of autism during the first ___ or ___ years of their child’s life.

A

2 or 3

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27
Q

First autism symptom to emerge

A

Social impairment

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28
Q

Some autistic children do not like to be ___ by their parents

A

Held

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29
Q

Many people with autism have abnormal or even nonexistent _____

A

Language

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30
Q

A third of people with autism do not develop enough natural ____ to meet their daily communication needs.

A

Speech

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31
Q

Autistic people may exhibit compulsive or ______ behaviour.

A

Ritualistic

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32
Q

___most/few people diagnosed with autism have clear cognitive impairments and reduced imaginative ability

A

Most

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33
Q

Comorbidities of autism

A

intellectual disability, seizure disorder, ADHD, depression, and anxiety disorder.

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34
Q

A __ of autistic people have seizures or intellectual disability

A

Third

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35
Q

__% of autistics have sensory processing issues

A

80

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36
Q

The ______ of autism is between 70% and 90%

A

Heritability

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37
Q

10% of autism cases have been linked to rare ______ abnormalities

A

Chromosomal

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38
Q

Some autism cases are associated with multigene interactions involving common and uncommon gene ____.

A

Variants

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39
Q

Some rare autism cases have been linked to maternal viral _____ during pregnancy.

A

Infections

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40
Q

In autistics, brain ____ often proceeds abnormally quickly

A

Growth ( brain volume may be 10% larger than average by 2–3 years of age.)

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41
Q

Altered neuronal _____ during early gestation may explain abnormal brain growth

A

Migration

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42
Q

Abnormal formation of _____ and dendritic _____ may explain abnormal brain growth

A

Synapses and dendritic spines

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43
Q

_______ in key brain regions may explain abnormal brain growth

A

Overactivity

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44
Q

_______ excitatory–inhibitory neural networks may explain abnormal brain growth

A

Unbalanced

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45
Q

Some autistic people show less activity in the ____ area when they look at photos of human faces

A

Fusiform face area

46
Q

Effect of anticonvulsants

A

↑ GABA receptor activity

47
Q

Effect of antidepressants

A

↑ serotonin receptor activity

48
Q

Effect of antipsychotics

A

↓ dopamine receptor activity

49
Q

Effect of stimulants

A

↑ dopamine receptor activity

50
Q

ADHD

A

Mental disorder characterized by problems paying attention, difficulty controlling (inhibiting) behavior in an age-appropriate manner, and hyperactivity.

51
Q

More than __% of children in North America are now being treated for ADHD.

A

5

52
Q

ADHD symptoms usually appear before __ years old

A

12

53
Q

ADHD is usually first identified in this environment

A

School

54
Q

Symptoms of ADHD

A

–show reckless and impetuous behavior
–act without reflecting
–let interfering activities intrude into ongoing tasks (distraction)
–have difficulty withholding a response

55
Q

Many children with ADHD have a ____ attention span for tasks they find interesting

A

Good

56
Q

Comorbidities of ADHD

A

Learning disabilities, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, aggression, and conduct disorder.

57
Q

The _____of ADHD is 75% to 90%, but diagnosis rates vary widely across communities, ranging from 1% to 16% of children.

A

Heritability

58
Q

Boys are diagnosed ___ times more often than girls with ADHD

A

3-4

59
Q

Risk factors for getting ADHD

A

Drug & alcohol, infections during pregnancy, low birth weight, trauma

60
Q

Stimulants that ____reduce/increase dopamine levels by blocking or reversing the dopamine reuptake transporter (e.g., Ritalin and Adderall) can be used to treat ADHD

A

Increase

61
Q

Why do we give stimulants that increase dopamine to treat ADHD ?

A

When basal dopamine levels are low, animals do not have as much motivation and are usually easily distracted by stimuli that raise dopamine.

62
Q

Affect

A

Feelings or emotions

63
Q

Affective disorders are characterized by disordered _____.

A

Feelings

64
Q

Mood (affective) disorder

A

Serious mood disorder in which emotions are not just a reaction to the environment

65
Q

2 principal types of mood disorder

A

Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

66
Q

Environmental factors increasing mood disorder risks

A

Traumatic/abusive childhood experiences

67
Q

Common feelings in mood disorders

A

Unworthy, hopeless, and strong feelings of guilt (feel undeserving of successes)

68
Q

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

A serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not alternate with periods of mania

69
Q

Prevalence of MDD in men and women

A

Approximately 7% in women and 3% in men.

70
Q

Percentage of MDD due to genetics

A

Around 40%

71
Q

2 types of drugs that increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi) & tricyclics and serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

72
Q

How do MAOis increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling ?

A

By inhibiting their enzymatic breakdown

73
Q

How do SSRIs increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling ?

A

By blocking their reuptake

74
Q

Other depression treatments

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
–Ketamine (NMDA glutamate receptor blocker)
–Deep brain stimulation
–Transcranial magnetic stimulation
–Vagus nerve stimulation
–Bright-light therapy (phototherapy)
-Sleep deprivation

75
Q

Tricyclic antidepressant

A

Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (but also affects other neurotransmitters).

76
Q

Serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

A class of drugs that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

77
Q

Most common SSRI

A

Prozac (fluoxetine)

78
Q

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

A

Antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin without affecting reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

79
Q

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

Depression may relate to insufficient monoamine receptor activity (the monoamines are serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine).

80
Q

Symptoms of depression are generally not relieved by dopamine receptor _____agonists/antagonists

A

Agonists

81
Q

Serotonin is made from the amino acid ______.

A

Tryptophan

82
Q

Giving people a low-tryptophan diet and then a tryptophan-free amino acid “cocktail” tends to ____ decrease/increase tryptophan levels and serotonin (5-HT) synthesis.

A

Decrease

83
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs _____ slowly/rapily increase brain levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine

A

Rapidly, but long lasting

84
Q

This area was found to be less active once people’s depression lifted

A

Anterior cingulate (subgenual ACC)

85
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is best for ___ depression

A

Severe

86
Q

ECT can also treat this mood disorder

A

Bipolar disorder

87
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

Seizures are electrically induced by applying brief electrical shocks to the head

88
Q

Time needed for ECT to improve mood disorder symptoms

A

A day or two. It is faster than SSRIs

89
Q

People with depression often have shallow, _____ sleep

A

Fragmented

90
Q

Depressed people also tend to awaken frequently, especially toward _____

A

Morning

91
Q

In general, depressed people spend more time in stage __ sleep

A

1

92
Q

Depressed people spend less time in ___, slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4).

A

Deep

93
Q

People with depression enter REM sleep ___earlier/later after falling asleep

A

Earlier

94
Q

Total sleep deprivation tends to have an immediate ______ effect

A

Antidepressant effect and mania

95
Q

When depression lifts after staying up overnight, it returns after ____.

A

Sleep

96
Q

Perhaps a _____ builds up during waking hours that has some antidepressant effect, and it gets cleared away during sleep.

A

Chemical

97
Q

REM sleep deprivation treats depression ____slowly/rapidly

A

Slowly

98
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression

99
Q

Prevalence of bipolar disorder

A

~2% of the population.

100
Q

Percentage of bipolar disoder attributed to genetics

A

80%

101
Q

Mania

A

Episodes of mania are characterized by a sense of euphoria that is not justified by the circumstances

102
Q

Symptoms of mania

A

Nonstop speech and motor activity, risky behavior

103
Q

Length of mania before depression transition

A

Few days or weeks

104
Q

Lithium

A

Chemical element commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder

105
Q

Phase of bipolarity treated by lithium

A

Mania

106
Q

Once mania is eliminated, does depression follow ?

A

Usually not

107
Q

The therapeutic effect of lithium is very ____slow/rapid.

A

Rapid

108
Q

Some anticonvulsant drugs, particularly voltage-gated _____ channel blockers, are prescribed as mood stabilizers for bipolarity.

A

Sodium

109
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs slightly ____reduce/increase neural activity.

A

Reduce

110
Q

In bipolar disorder, antipsychotics and antidepressants may be prescribed, often in combination with a ____ stabilizer.

A

Mood

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