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Neuroscience > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

_____of slightly harmful gene variants create conditions where mental illness is likely

A

Combinations

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2
Q

In schizophrenia, neural network ____ makes it hard to understand reality and function.

A

Activity

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3
Q

The concordance rate for schizophrenia among genetically identical twins is about __%

A

50

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4
Q

When one twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a __% chance of
developing it, regardless of whether they were raised together or separated at birth.

A

50

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5
Q

Schizophrenia primarily reflects a ____ predisposition

A

Genetic

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6
Q

Is there a beneficial “right” combination of schizophrenia genes ?

A

No, the siblings of schizophrenics have average fertility rate and cognitive abilities

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7
Q

The common gene variants that are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia are also associated with an increased risk of developing…

A

Bipolar disorder, depression, autism, OCD, and ADHD.

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8
Q

Gene variants reflect a vulnerability to developing any ____ _____ (not specific)

A

Mental illness

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9
Q

3 reasons mental disorders do not seem to be discrete, unitary diseases

A

1.Heterogeneity within diagnostic categories
2. Comorbidity
3. Spectrum with normality

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10
Q

Similar behavioural symptoms can arise from completely different ___ _____ disruptions

A

Neural circuits

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11
Q

Many of the gene variants associated with an increased risk of mental illness regulate brain _____and neural _____.

A

Development and plasticity

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12
Q

Gene variants do not _____ cause mental illness.

A

Directly

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13
Q

Gene variants collectively compromise the interactions of various ____ and cell types in the brain

A

Proteins

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14
Q

People who present with seemingly similar types of mental illness rarely share the same___ _____

A

Gene variants

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15
Q

Human brain development is highly complicated, but it is also ____ (people can thrive under a lot of adversity).

A

Robust

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16
Q

There is a certain amount of unavoidable randomness (ex. ligand not binding) at the _____ level that impacts brain development and maturation

A

Molecular

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17
Q

Our _____ has evolved to buffer many insults – environmental variation, genetic variation, and molecular noise.

A

Genome

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18
Q

Our genome contains redundancies, ____ checking mechanisms, and quality control
effort

A

Error

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19
Q

Genetic instructions allow gene variations to accumulate in the
population if the _____ mutations are not too severe.

A

Individual

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20
Q

The bodies of bilateral creatures are largely symmetrical, and the two sides develop
independently from the same set of _____ instructions

A

Genomic

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21
Q

Highly symmetrical bodies reflect ___ genetic instructions

A

Clear

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22
Q

Random, uncommon asymmetries suggest the underlying genetic
instructions are _____

A

Confusing

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23
Q

Body symmetry may be indicative of the robustness of the genetic
instructions, which must contend with ______ variation and molecular noise.

A

Environmental

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24
Q

Body symmetry slightly correlates with…

A

Intelligence, physical attractiveness, and physical health

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25
Q

There are about ____ protein-encoding genes in the human genome.

A

20,000

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26
Q

___ of our genes
are expressed in the brain at some point, either during development or adulthood.

A

Half

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27
Q

Mutations anywhere may increase someone’s risk of
developing a mental illness by creating _____ in neural network function.

A

Instability

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28
Q

New pharmacological
treatments directly target ____ signaling cascades rather than neurotransmitter signaling.

A

Intracellular

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29
Q

Closed-loop deep brain stimulation
strategies

A

An implanted metal wire is used to record brain dynamics and
then deliver stimulation when necessary to correct neural circuit irregularities

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30
Q

Schizophrenia symptoms

A

Social withdrawal, disorganized thinking, abnormal speech, and an inability to understand reality.

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31
Q

Prevalence of schizophrenia

A

Nearly 1% of world’s population

32
Q

When do symptoms of schizophrenia typically begin ?

A

Young adulthood

33
Q

About __-__% of people with schizophrenia do not believe they have an illness or
comply with their recommended treatment.

A

30-50%

34
Q

First symptom of schizophrenia

A

Social withdrawal

35
Q

Cognitive ability usually increases in first 30 years. For schizophrenic people, there seems to be a cognitive ability _____.

A

Plateau

36
Q

3 groups of schizophrenia symptoms

A

Negative, cognitive, positive

37
Q

Negative schizophrenia symptoms are the ____ of behaviors

A

Absence (social withdrawal, reduced emotional expression, poverty of speech, and reduced motivation)

38
Q

Cognitive schizophrenia symptoms

A

Disorganized and irrational thinking, deficits in learning and memory, poor
abstract thinking, and poor problem solving

39
Q

2 types of positive schizophrenia symptoms

A

Delusions and hallucinations

40
Q

Persecution delusion

A

Thinking people are out to get you

41
Q

Grandeur delusion

A

Thinking you are uniquely amazing

42
Q

Control delusion

A

Thinking you control external events (ex. traffic)

43
Q

Schizophrenia diagnosis depends on how much the delusions affect ____

A

Functioning

44
Q

Order of schizophrenia symptoms type

A
  1. Negative
  2. Cognitive
  3. Positive
45
Q

Many patients with schizophrenia also exhibit neurological symptoms, such as …

A

Poor control of eye movements and unusual facial expressions

46
Q

Estimates of the heritability of schizophrenia are around __%.

A

80

47
Q

Heritability measures the fraction of _____ variability that can be attributed to genetic
variation.

A

Phenotype

48
Q

5% of schizophrenia cases are attributed to rare gene ___ ____ variations (duplicated or missing
genes)

A

Copy number

49
Q

Rare gene mutation schizophrenia is often comorbid with …

A

Autism and intellectual disabilities

50
Q

Environmental in utero factors linked to schizophrenia

A

Season of birth, viral epidemics, population density, and parental smoking.

51
Q

Schizophrenia is more common in people who live in ___cities/rural areas

A

Cities

52
Q

Overall, which has a bigger effect on schizophrenia risk; environmental or genetic factors ?

A

Genetic

53
Q

Prenatal environments of monochorionic twins (i.e., they share one placenta and amniotic sac) are more similar than those of _____ twins.

A

Dichorionic

54
Q

Some evidence suggests that the concordance rate for schizophrenia is higher for ______dichorionic/monochorionic twins

A

Monochorionic

55
Q

Abnormal _____ development is associated with schizophrenia

A

Prenatal

56
Q

Children who go on to develop schizophrenia display less sociability and deficient ______ functioning as kids.

A

Psychomotor

57
Q

Minor physical _____ are often seen in children who go on to develop schizophrenia,

A

Abnormalities

58
Q

Drugs relieve the ____negative/cognitive/positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Positive

59
Q

These drugs typically block dopamine D2 receptors (antagonists)

A

Antipsychotics or neuroleptics

60
Q

Dopamine receptor _____ agonists/antagonists, like crystal meth and cocaine, tend to
temporarily elicit certainpositive symptoms of schizophrenia in people who do not have the disorder

A

Agonists

61
Q

The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

Excessive dopamine D2 receptor activity, particularly in the
nucleus accumbens (striatum) creates positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

62
Q

Do Dopamine D2 antagonists reduce negative Schizophrenia symptoms ?

A

No, only the positive

63
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are similar to those
produced by damage to the ____ cortex

A

Prefrontal

64
Q

Hypofrontality

A

Decreased activity of the frontal lobes

65
Q

Particular region of hypofrontality causing the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

66
Q

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is linked to hypoactivity of local dopamine D1 ______.

A

Receptors

67
Q

Excess dopamine signaling in the _____ is associated with the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Striatum

68
Q

Schizophrenia may be associated with too little dopamine in the _____ cortex and too much dopamine elsewhere.

A

Prefrontal

69
Q

Clozapine has been found (in monkeys) to simultaneously _____decrease/increase dopamine levels in the striatum and _____decrease/increase dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex

A

Decrease and increase

70
Q

Atypical antipsychotic medications

A

Second generation antipsychotics that aim to reduce both the positive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

71
Q

Atypical antipsychotic medications to treat Schizophrenia

A

Clozapine, Aripiprazole

72
Q

Clozapine blocks dopamine D2 and _____ 2A receptors

A

Serotonin

73
Q

Aripiprazole as partial _____agonist/antagonist at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors as well as at serotonin 1A receptors.

A

Agonist

74
Q

Aripiprazole simultaneously ______decreases/increases dopamine receptor activity in the striatum (nucleus accumbens) while _____decreasing/increasing it in the prefrontal cortex.

A

Decrease and increase

75
Q

A partial agonist is a drug with very high _______ for a receptor.

A

Affinity

76
Q

A partial agonist can boost receptor activity in regions where
there is ____ concentration of the normal ligand while simultaneously reducing receptor activity in regions where there is _____ concentration of the normal ligand.

A

Low, high

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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