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Neuroscience > Stress, Anxiety, OCD, addiction > Flashcards

Stress, Anxiety, OCD, addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

Physiological reaction to aversive or threatening situations that mobilize the body for fight or flight.

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2
Q

Stress triggers ____ (axons off the brain and spinal cord synapse on the heart) and ____ (hormone release) responses

A

Autonomic and endocrine

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3
Q

Stress is adaptive on the ___short/long term

A

Short

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4
Q

Stress can lead to ____ (feelings of fear, worry, or unease),

A

Anxiety

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5
Q

True or false : anxiety can come without stress

A

True (stress is linked to EXTERNAL trigger)

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6
Q

Anxiety is characterized by a persistent feeling of…

A

Apprehension or dread in situations that are not actually threatening

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6
Q

Stress activates the _____sympathetic/parasympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

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7
Q

Stress activates the ___ axis

A

HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal gland)

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7
Q

Sympathetic autonomic nervous system activation leads the _____ glands to release ____ and _____

A

Adrenal glands, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

ACTH causes the ____ gland to release glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol.

A

Adrenal

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7
Q

The HPA axis increases/decreases glucocorticoid signaling in the blood ?

A

Increases

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7
Q

The ______ releases CRH/CRF (corticotropin-releasing hormone/factor), starting a chain reaction

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

CRH causes the _____ to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

A

Pituitary

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8
Q

Cortisol is associated with ___ level : it fluctuates in quantity in the blood based on the acuity of the ____.

A

Stress

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9
Q

Autonomic and hormone responses work together to ____decrease/increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow (fight or flight response)

A

Increase

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10
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

A group of hormones (including cortisol) that are essential for survival.

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11
Q

Acting on nearly every tissue and organ in the body, glucocorticoids function to maintain _______

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

2 types of changes the glucocorticoids react to

A

Normal & in response to stress circadian changes in metabolism

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13
Q

Glucocorticoids are ultimately controlled by the _____

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Functions of glucocorticoids

A

Cardiovascular function, immune function, skeletal growth, reproduction, and cognition

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15
Q

2 ways glucocorticoids prepare the body for immediate action

A
  1. Making glucose and fat available for immediate use (no matter what insulin is doing)
  2. Increasing blood flow and arousal.
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16
Q

Functions that get reduced by glucocorticoids

A

Growth hormone signaling, sex hormone signaling and immune function

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17
Q

Persistent glucocorticoid signaling can lead to increase symptom severity for a variety of ___ ___

A

Mental illnesses

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18
Q

How can permanent glucocorticoid signaling worsen cardiovascular health ?

A

Increase blood pressure, heart rate, heart disease, and heart palpitations

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19
Q

Digestive problems caused by glucocorticoids

A

Ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, and weight gain/loss

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20
Q

Impact of permanent glucocorticoid on muscle health

A

Increase muscle tension and damage muscle tissue

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21
Q

Impact of permanent glucocorticoid on fertility

A

May cause infertility or stop menstruations

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22
Q

What is steroid diabetes, a possible consequence of glucocorticoid signaling, ?

A

Hormone-induced damage of the pancreas : it stops releasing insulin, causing diabetes

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23
Q

There is tons of glucocorticoids in this area of the brain

A

Hippocampus

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24
Q

Too much glucocorticoids signaling can cause __ death in the hippocampus, leading to ___ loss

A

Cell death and memory loss

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25
Q

Stress ____ the immune system and _____ the healing of flesh wounds.

A

Weakens and slows

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26
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events

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27
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A
  • vivid and intrusive memories of the traumatic event (“flashbacks”) as well as recurrent dreams about the traumatic event
  • active avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and pronounced mental or physical distress in response to these stimuli
  • hyperarousal and hypervigilance
  • Persistent negative moods and feelings of hopelessness are common
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28
Q

PTSD is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder since it entails multiple emotions outside the fear and anxiety spectrum, including ___, ___, and ____

A

Guilt, shame and anger

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29
Q

True or false : Most people who experience trauma do not develop PTSD

A

True

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30
Q

The likelihood of developing PTSD increases with the number of _____

A

Traumatic events

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31
Q

Traumatic events at this time in life are more likely to cause PTSD.

A

Childhood

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32
Q

Rate of PTSD

A

About 10% of women and 5% of men experience PTSD at some point.

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33
Q

Percentage of PTSD due to genetics variation

A

30%

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34
Q

Main treatments for PTSD are…

A

CBT, group therapy, and medication

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35
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line medications and benefit about ___ of people with PTSD

A

Half

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36
Q

PTSD has been associated with abnormalities in the __ __

A

HPA axis

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37
Q

PTSD symptoms severity negatively correlates with size of the ____ and parts of the ____

A

Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

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38
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Variety of psychological disorders characterized by unrealistic and unfounded fear and anxiety.

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39
Q

Symptoms of anxiety disorders

A

Expectation of an impending disaster, muscle tension, over activity of the autonomic nervous system, and continuous vigilance for danger.

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40
Q

True or false : People often have only one type of anxiety disorder

A

False : People often have more than one type of anxiety disorder

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41
Q

Prevalence of anxiety disorders

A

About 12% of people are affected by an anxiety disorder each year. Twice as common in women.

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42
Q

Anxiety disorders usually begin before the age of ___

A

25

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43
Q

Prevalence of social anxiety and phobias

A

10 %

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44
Q

Environmental risk factors for anxiety

A

History of child abuse and poverty

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45
Q

Comorbidities of anxiety disorders

A

Major depressive disorder, personality disorder, substance use disorder, dementia

46
Q

Treatment for anxiety disorders

A

Lifestyle changes, behavioural therapy, and medications.

47
Q

Medication used as first line treatment for anxiety disorders

A

SSRIs

48
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Treat anxiety, particularly in emergency settings, because of their rapid onset

49
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry serious enough to cause disruption of daily life

50
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Characterized by excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people, leading to avoidance of social situations in which they may be called on to perform

51
Q

Panic disorder

A

Characterized by episodic periods of severe and unremitting terror.

52
Q

Symptoms of panic disorder

A

Shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, and other autonomic symptoms, accompanied by intense fear

53
Q

Anticipatory anxiety

A

Fear of having a panic attack promotes anticipatory anxiety that sometimes leads to the development of agoraphobia

54
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of being away from home or other protected places

55
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

– repeatedly having certain thoughts (“obsessions”)
– a need to repeatedly check things or perform certain routines (“compulsions” or “rituals”) to an extent that it causes distress & impairs general functioning.

56
Q

4 groups of OCD symptoms

A

Symmetry, cleaning, hoarding, and forbidden thoughts.

57
Q

Beliefs of imbalance in OCD

A

Belief that there is some imbalance in the world, something is out of
place, as well as the idea that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains.

58
Q

Compulsions

A

performed to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety, out of fear that something bad will happen if the ritualistic behaviour is not done properly.

59
Q

Prevalence of OCD

A

About 2% (2x more common in women)

60
Q

The onset of OCD symptoms is
typically ___sooner/later in females

A

Later (late teens)

61
Q

Symptoms of OCD usually start before age __in both sexes.

A

25

62
Q

Genetic factors account for ~__% of the variability in OCD risk

A

50

63
Q

Environmental risk factors of OCD

A

History of child abuse or other adverse events, infections late in life.

64
Q

Sometimes symptoms emerge after brain damage, particularly to the ___ ganglia, ____ gyrus, or ____ cortex.

A

basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, or prefrontal cortex.

65
Q

fMRI studies have found increased activity in the ____ lobes and _____ in patients with OCD

A

Frontal lobe and striatum

66
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

Treatment for OCD that includes increasing exposure to what causes the problems while not allowing the repetitive behavior to occur.

67
Q

Medication to treat OCD

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

68
Q

Cingulotomy

A

OCD treatment, cutting of a fiber bundle between PFC and anterior cingulate.

69
Q

Deep brain stimulation within ____ ___ area could reduce OCD symptoms

A

Basal ganglia

70
Q

Addictive substances

A

Alcohol, opiates, cocaine, meth, nicotine, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

71
Q

Some gene predispose people to becoming addicted to a ____ drug

A

Specific

72
Q

Other gene variants increase the risk of developing _____ in general.

A

Addiction

73
Q

Genetic factors account for ___% of the risk factors for alcoholism.

A

40-60%

74
Q

In the United States, ___percent of the people drink 50 percent of the alcohol.

A

10

75
Q

Problems with alcohol abuse include :

A
  • automobile accidents
  • liver disease (cirrhosis of the liver)
  • heart disease and strokes
  • pancreatitis and diabetes
  • fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
76
Q

Reinforcement learning

A

Reinforcement learning is driven by the consequences of one’s behaviour.

77
Q

Addictive drugs ____ positively/negatively reinforcer behaviour.

A

Positively

78
Q

Reinforcement is most effective when the consequences of an action are _____

A

Immediate

79
Q

The speed by which the brain perceives reinforcement is thought to explain the relative addictive potential of different ____

A

Drugs

80
Q

All reinforcers, natural or otherwise, elicit dopamine release in the ___

A

Striatum

81
Q

Part of the striatum in which most dopamine release happens

A

Nucleus accumben

82
Q

The most addictive drugs ____slowly/rapidly increase dopamine signaling.

A

Rapidly

83
Q

Alcohol addiction ____decreases/increases with year

A

Increases

84
Q

Dependence

A

Refers to the physical symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal.

85
Q

Tolerance and withdrawal can occur independent of an _____

A

Addiction

86
Q

True or false : not all addictive drugs produce noticeable tolerance and withdrawal.

A

True

87
Q

Tolerance

A

When a drug effect gets smaller with repeated administration, increasingly larger doses are needed to achieve the desired effect.

88
Q

Cause of tolerance

A

Compensatory mechanisms that oppose the effect of the drug.

89
Q

Withdrawal

A

Appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by drug when the drug is suddenly no longer taken

90
Q

Cause of withdrawal

A

Presence of compensatory mechanisms (that relate to drug tolerance)

91
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When a behaviour is reinforced by the removal (or reduction) of an aversive stimulus.

92
Q

Why do some say addiction is partially maintained by negative reinforcement ?

A

After tolerance develops, people sometimes continue to take drugs simply to prevent or reduce withdrawal symptoms.

93
Q

Drug cravings and addictive behaviours far outlast any _____ symptoms.

A

Withdrawal

94
Q

True or false : When withdrawal goes away, people are still addicted.

A

True

95
Q

A ____ of all cigarettes were smoked by the 7% of the population that had some form of mental illness.

A

third

96
Q

High comorbidity of drug addiction

A

Schizophrenia, and ADHD

97
Q

___ schizophrenics smoke cigarettes and nearly half are addicted to other drugs.

A

Most

98
Q

Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and its interactions with the striatum and ____ neurons may be a common factor in substance abuse disorders.

A

Dopamine

99
Q

Drug addicts sometimes show deficits on tasks that involved the ____, similar to people that have brain damage in this area.

A

Prefrontal cortex

100
Q

What may take over the role of the prefrontal cortex ?

A

Basal ganglia

101
Q

True or false : if you never do a behavior in a context, you won’t have an urge to do it in this context.

A

True

102
Q

Naltrexone is a high affinity, slow onset, long-acting opioid receptor _____agonist/antagonist that is prescribed to alcoholics and opiate addicts for daily use.

A

Antagonist

103
Q

How does Naltrexone reduce the high produced by opiates ?

A

By outcompeting opiates for the receptor binding site

104
Q

Side effects of Naltrexone

A

Seems to reduce cravings for food, alcohol, and other drugs in some people.

105
Q

Naloxone (Narcan) is an extremely rapid (and short lived) opioid receptor _____ that reverses the effects of an opiate overdose.

A

Antagonist

106
Q

During an overdose, people lose _____ and stop breathing.

A

Consciousness

107
Q

A naloxone injection can ____ reverse overdose effects and even elicit withdrawal symptoms (but it is cleared away within an hour).

A

Immediately

108
Q

Main difference between Naltrexone and Naloxone (Narcan)

A

Naltrexone is slow acting, Naloxene is instantaneous

109
Q

Methadone Potent

A

Opiate that has a slower onset and offset than heroin does : harder to withdraw from. It is a substitute for heroin that allows people to live more functional lives.

110
Q

Methadone maintenance programs require people come into a clinic each day and drink …

A

A liquid form of methadone

111
Q

Main difference between Methadone Potent and Heroin

A

Methadone potent is slower than heroin and easier to withdraw from

112
Q

Buprenorphine is a high affinity, partial opioid receptor (half activates the receptor) _____agonist/antagonist

A

Agonist

113
Q

Buprenorphine is commonly prescribed to treat ____ addiction

A

Opiate

114
Q

Buprenorphine strongly binds to ____ receptors but produces only a weak psychological effect

A

Opoid

115
Q

Buprenorphine blocks the effects of other ____.

A

Opiate

116
Q

To reduce the potential for abuse (and allow people to take home pills of it), buprenorphine is mixed with a little _____ (a short-lived opiate receptor antagonist), which eliminates the euphoric rush.

A

Naloxone

117
Q

Varenicline is a partial ____antagonist/agonist at nicotinic (acetylcholine) receptors that is prescribed to treat nicotine addiction.

A

Agonist

118
Q

Deep ___ stimulation could treat mental illnesses and drug addiction

A

Brain

119
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate areas of the cerebral cortex.

120
Q

Since some benefits of TMS have been reported for a variety of mental conditions, it has been approved for the treatment of …

A

Major depression, OCD, smoking, and migraines.

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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