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Neuroscience > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Is language lateralized in the brain ?

A

Yes (eft hemisphere is dominant for speech in 90 percent of the population)

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2
Q

Language has a regular ____and ____

A

rhythm and cadence

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3
Q

People change the ____ of spoken words to indicate phrasing and to distinguish between assertions and questions

A

Pitch

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of prosody ?

A

Rhythm, emphasis, and tone of speech

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5
Q

People extract information about emotional state through _____.

A

Prosody

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6
Q

Prosody is a function of which hemisphere ?

A

Right hemisphere

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7
Q

True or false : people with left hemisphere damage can still understand prosody

A

True

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8
Q

True or false : newborns recognize the voice of their parents

A

True

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9
Q

True or false : Voice recognition is dependent of word comprehension.

A

False

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10
Q

Can people with left hemisphere damage recognize voices ?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is Phonagnosia ?

A

A disorder where people have difficulty recognizing voices

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12
Q

Phonagnosia results from damage to which brain area ?

A

Right cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)

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13
Q

Understanding metaphors is linked to what hemisphere ?

A

Right hemisphere

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14
Q

What hemisphere is responsible for understand literal utterances ?

A

Left hemisphere

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15
Q

What are the 3 possible difficulties in aphasia ?

A

Understanding, repeating, or producing meaningful speech

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16
Q

Aphasia must NOT be caused by…

A

Simple sensory or motor deficits or by lack of motivation.

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17
Q

Do people with aphasia recognize when others attempt to communicate with them ?

A

The deficit (brain damage) must be relatively isolated, such that the patient must be capable of recognizing when others are attempting to communicate to be considered aphasia.

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18
Q

Damage to what artery may cause aphasia ?

A

Middle cerebral artery (damage after stroke)

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19
Q

Damage to the sensory association cortex causes difficulty in what aspect of aphasia ?

A

Understanding language

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20
Q

What are the types of sensory association cortex aphasia ?

A

Sensory, posterior, receptive, Wernicke’s, fluent

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21
Q

Damage to the frontal lobe causes deficits in…

A

Speaking and writing

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22
Q

Names for frontal lobe aphasia are :

A

Anterior, motor, expressive, Broca, non-fluent

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23
Q

What type of damage causes global aphasia ?

A

Massive damage

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24
Q

What type of aphasia causes no language ability at all ?

A

Global aphasia

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25
Q

What is the main symptom of anomic aphasia, common to all aphasias ?

A

Trouble knowing what word to use

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26
Q

Cortex responsible for knowledge of the appearence of an object

A

Visual association cortex

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27
Q

Cortex responsible for the knowledge of the sound of an object

A

Auditory association cortex

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28
Q

Cortex responsible for the knowledge of the texture of an object

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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29
Q

Cortex responsible for the knowledge of the movement of an object

A

Premotor cortex

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30
Q

Area linked to spoken word perception

A

Wernicke’s area

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31
Q

Area linked to language comprehension

A

Posterior language area

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32
Q

Impact of posterior language area damage

A

Speaking nonsense

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33
Q

4 roles of Broca’s area

A
  1. Word choice, 2. Sequencing, 3.Grammar, 4. Articulation
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34
Q

Neurons in the posterior language area activate the ensemble of neurons in the…

A

sensory association cortices

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35
Q

Sensory association cortices store the ____ of words

A

Representations/meanings

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36
Q

Damage to the posterior language area implies damage to ____’s area

A

Wernicke

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37
Q

Where is the posterior language area ?

A

At the junction of the temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes

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38
Q

What type of aphasia occurs from posterior language area damage ?

A

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

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39
Q

What is transcortical sensory aphasia ?

A

Failure to comprehend the meaning of words and an inability to express thoughts with meaningful speech. Can still repeat.

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40
Q

True or false : reading AND writing is possible without understanding

A

True

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41
Q

How is speech impacted by receptive fluent aphasia ?

A

Fewer nouns and verbs; more conjunctions

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42
Q

What type of fluent aphasia does Byron have ?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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43
Q

How much did Byron’s reading and audition comprehension improve ?

A

language comprehension has largely come back, but auditory information processing is not coming back as fast

44
Q

Can Byron still write or repeat words ?

A

Byron cannot spell or repeat words

45
Q

Can you bypass the posterior language area ? What does it entail ?

A

It is possible to bypass the posterior language area : write, speak or hear without understanding what language means

46
Q

What is conduction aphasia ?

A

An inability to repeat the exact words you hear. Language comprehension and expression are generally fine.

47
Q

When asked to repeat a word, people with conduction aphasia may repeat a _____ word

A

Similar (ex. home for house)

48
Q

When asked to repeat a nonsense word like ‘blaynge’, the person with conduction aphasia will…

A

Be unable to repeat it

49
Q

What is the damage linked to conduction aphasia ?

A

The arcuate fasciculus: axons that interconnect Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area (lost connection between meaning and production)

50
Q

_____’s area is where sounds are recognized as spoken words.

A

Wernicke

51
Q

Wernicke’s area is part of the ____ association cortex in the ___temporal lobe.

A

Auditory association cortex in the left temporal lobe.

52
Q

Area linked to hearing

A

Primary auditory cortex

53
Q

Patients with Wernicke’s aphasia do not recognize sounds as _____

A

Words

54
Q

What is pure word deafness ?

A

Disorder of auditory word recognition, an inability to comprehend or repeat spoken words.

55
Q

Pure word deafness is the result of a damage to a small part of ____’s area

A

Wernicke

56
Q

People with Pure Word Deafness can…

A
  • Hear just fine.
  • Interpret non-speech sounds (doorbell, phone, barking).
  • Read and write.
  • Read lips.
  • Speak intelligently.
57
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia results from damage to…

A

Wernicke’s area and the Posterior language area.

58
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is a combination of ___ aphasia and _____ deafness

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia and pure word deafness.

59
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is characterized by 3 aspects :

A

Fluent speech, poor comprehension, poor repetition

60
Q

The defining feature of both Wernicke’s aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia is…

A

Poor language comprehension causing meaningless speech

61
Q

People with Wernicke or transcortical sensory aphasia use more _____content/function words

A

Function words

62
Q

True or false : people with Wernicke or transcortical sensory aphasia still use prosody

A

True

63
Q

Receptive aphasias (like Wernicke and transcortical sensory) are characterized by…

A

An inability to understand words that are heard, read, or signed

64
Q

Fluent aphasias (such as Wernicke and transcortical sensory) are characterized by…

A

The ability to speak fluently without conveying much meaning

65
Q

Key difference between Wernicke and transcortical sensory aphasia

A

People with TSA repeat what is said to them, so they clearly recognize spoken words,.

66
Q

Spoken word recognition and word comprehension abilities are interwoven in and around ____ area.

A

Wernicke’s

67
Q

Damage to the visual word-form area (VWFA) in _____ disrupts the ability to perceive written words.

A

Visual association cortex

68
Q

The visual word-form area is in the ____ of the _____hemisphere

A

Fusiform gyrus of the left hemisphere

69
Q

face perception is more dominant in the _____ gyrus of the ____hemisphere.

A

Fusiform gyrus of the right hemisphere.

70
Q

Why can’t people with damage to the VMFA (visual word-form area) read ?

A

They have pure alexia or pure-word blindness : inability to recognize words.

71
Q

True or false : people with VMFA damage can still write

A

True

72
Q

Can a person with damaged V1 in left hemisphere but intact VWFA still read ?

A

Only in the left peripheral vision, because the information from the left visual field gets treated on the right of the brain, which sends it to the VFWA through the corpus callosum.

73
Q

Can a person with damaged V1 in the left hemisphere AND corpus callosum damage, but intact VMFA still read ?

A

No

74
Q

The VMFA receives information from the ___ visual field

A

Left

75
Q

What sends information from the left visual field to the VMFA ?

A

The corpus callosum

76
Q

Damage to the corpus callosum prevents information from travelling across the ___ and ___

A

Posterior right hemisphere and left hemisphere

77
Q

What happens when a person with damage to the V1 in the left hemisphere AND corpus callosum damage, but intact VMFA tries to read ?

A

The visual information from the left visual field gets analyzed by the right hemisphere, but not sent to the VMFA. The information on the right visual field does not get analyzed by the left hemisphere as it is damaged.

78
Q

What type of damage causes pure alexia ?

A

Damaged V1 in the left hemisphere AND corpus callosum damage

79
Q

What is dyslexia ?

A

Difficulty reading

80
Q

What 2 processes are required in reading ?

A

Direct recognition of whole words and sounding out words letter by letter

81
Q

What is sight-reading?

A

Whole word recognition

82
Q

What is phonetic or sound reading ?

A

Recognition of words by sounding out strings of letters

83
Q

The visual ____ area is critical for perceiving written words as a whole and differentiating them.

A

Visual word form area (VWFA)

84
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

An inability to recognize whole words, while retaining the ability to read phonetically.

85
Q

_____ words are difficult for these people to read, because sounding them out doesn’t work

A

Irregularly spelled words

86
Q

Reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or non-words.

A

Phonological dyslexia

87
Q

In phonological dyslexia, you can only recognize words by sight so words that you don’t have in your ____ are hard to read.

A

Mental dictionary

88
Q

True or false : dyslexia is largely hereditary

A

True

89
Q

Developmental dyslexia is a type of ____ dyslexia

A

Phonological

90
Q

People with developmental dyslexia have great difficulty learning to _____

A

Read

91
Q

People with this type of dyslexia have trouble with grammar and spelling and have a hard time distinguishing the order of sound sequences.

A

Phonological dyslexia

92
Q

Some stroke patients have very specific deficits in their ability to extract meaning from written words even though they can read out loud. What is this called ?

A

Direct dyslexia

93
Q

Direct dyslexia is typically seen with larger deficits, like transcortical sensory aphasia where there is limited language _____

A

Comprehension

94
Q

The most important type of cue for object recognition

A

Cues that remain relatively constant when objects are viewed from different angles

95
Q

The primary task of the visual system

A

Object recognition

96
Q

The most reliable cues of object recognition

A

Where lines meet at vertices, forming junctions with particular shapes, such as L, T, and X

97
Q

Taking out all the corners makes information ____easier/harder to understand

A

Harder

98
Q

Erasing middle makes it _____easier/harder to understand.

A

Easier

99
Q

Broca’s aphasia is damage to the ___ of the brain

A

Front left inferior frontal lobe

100
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia on the 3 dimensions of aphasia ?

A

Non-fluent, good comprehension, no repetition

101
Q

Are people with aphasia aware of their difficulty expressing themselves ?

A

Yes

102
Q

3 semi-distinct issues of Broca’s aphasia

A
  • Articulation problems
  • agrammatism : use of grammar
  • anomia : use of the right word
103
Q

Where do articulation problems arise in the brain ?

A

Motor frontal cortex

104
Q

People with agrammatism use more ___function/content words

A

Content

105
Q

True or false : people with agrammatism cannot derive meaning from the grammar of sentences

A

True

106
Q

What is circumlocution ?

A

Strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of most appropriate word.

107
Q

What happens in a severe case of anomic aphasia ?

A

People cannot communicate and show little recovery.

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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