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year 2 neuro - Robbie > Topography of the Brain (Anatomy) - recap and blood supply > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain (Anatomy) - recap and blood supply Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up the brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem:

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

What is white and grey matter?

A

White matter = myelinated axons

Grey matter = neuronal cell bodies

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3
Q

What does white matter in spinal cords and brain form?

A

various tracts

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4
Q

What is a tract?

A

fibre pathway passing through the CNS carrying a specific modality (e.g. motor fibres or pain sensation or touch sensation

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5
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Neuronal cell body collection (grey) within CNS = nucleus

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6
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS = ganglion (e.g. dorsal root ganglion)

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7
Q

What are all the ventricles of the brain and where are they located?

A

Ventricles are spaces within the brain

Within cerebral hemispheres (x2) = lateral ventricle (x2)

Within Diencephalon = III ventricle

Within Midbrain = Cerebral aqueduct

Between Pons + medulla (in front) and Cerebellum (at the back) = IV ventricle

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8
Q

Where is CSF?

A

in the ventricles

in subarachnoid space - between pia and arachnoid mater

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9
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

By choroid plexus in each ventricle

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10
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

By Arachnoid villi into saggital sinus (venous channel in brain)

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11
Q

What arteries provide blood supply tot he braina and how do they enter the skull?

A

the 2 ICA - enter the skull through the carotid canal (foramen lacerum) to supply the brain

the 2 vertebral arteries (branches of the subclavian artery) - enter the skull through the foramen magnum

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12
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

The circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures

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13
Q

What are the main arteries forming the circle of willis?

A

formed by the anastomosis of the two internal carotid arteries with the two vertebral arteries

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14
Q

What is the structure of the circle of willis?

A

Branches of the ICA join with those of the opposite side and with the posterior cerebral arteries (branch of the basilar artery) to form a continuous circle at the base of the brain

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15
Q

How does the anastomoses protect against vasoocclusion

A

This is a protective feature against vaso-occlusion of large arteries due to other areas blood can flow through but branches supplying the cerebral hemispheres, distal to the Circle of Willis are effectively “end-arteries” so this would loead to ischemia of the brain causing a stroke

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16
Q

A?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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17
Q

B?

A

anterior communicating artery

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18
Q

C?

A

middle cerebral artery

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19
Q

D?

A

posterior communicating artery

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20
Q

E?

A

posterior cerebral artery

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21
Q

F?

A

basilar artery

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22
Q

G?

A

vertebral artery

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23
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery do?

A

connects the two anterior cerebral arteries

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24
Q

What branches does the ICA give off?

A

The ICA gives branches - the anterior (ACA), middle cerebral (MCA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComA)

The ACA and the MCA supply a large part of the cerebral hemispheres

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25
Q

What do the vertebral arteries make and supply?

A

The 2 vertebral arteries join together to form a basilar artery on the ventral surface of the brainstem

The vertebro-basilar system gives branches that supply the brainstem and cerebellum

The basilar artery finally ends at the level of the midbrain by dividing into two Posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) which supplies the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres

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26
Q

What area of the brain does the anterior cerebal artery supply?

A

medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres excluding the occipital lobe

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27
Q

What areas of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

lateral aspects of the cerebral hemispheres

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28
Q

What areas of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

inferior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and the occipital lobe

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29
Q

Describe the venous drainge of the brain?

A

superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into venous sinuses which lie between the 2 layers of dura mater

the dura mater sinuses join together to ultimatley drain into the internal jugular veins

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30
Q

A?

A

inferior saggital sinus

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31
Q

B?

A

superior saggital sinus

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32
Q

C?

A

transverse sinuses

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33
Q

D?

A

great cerebral vein

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34
Q

E?

A

cavernous sinus

35
Q

F?

A

petrosal sinus:

superior

inferior

36
Q

G?

A

internal jugular veins

37
Q

What is the basic function of the cerebrum?

A

seat of consciousness

38
Q

What is the basic function of the cerebellum?

A

balance and coordination

39
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

viral centres e.g. cardiorespiratory

pathway for fibre tracts

40
Q

Describe brefiely how the brain is formed embryologically?

A

The neural tube develops from the (dorsal) surface ectoderm

The cranial end of the tube forms vesicles each of which develops into different parts of the brain

41
Q

What does the neural tube devide into when it is formed?

A

As soon as the neural tube was formed, it divided into 3 primary vesicles (Week 4) and then into 2ry vesicles (Week 5)

these develop into the adult brain

42
Q

On the brain stem what is the order of strucutre that . make it up from superior to inferior

A

midbrain

PONS

medulla

43
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerves 3-12

44
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

Pathway for fibre tracts running between higher & lower centres

Brainstem nucleii are involved with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves, so innervation of head & neck

Brainstem centres produce the rigidly programmed automatic behaviours essential for survival

45
Q

What is the cavity in the medulla?

A

IV ventircle

46
Q

What does the medulla continue as?

A

the spinal cord at the foramen magum

47
Q

What is the structure of the medulla?

A

has pyramids in the middle and olives laterallt

48
Q

What happens between the pyramids of the medulla?

A

decussation - crossing over of cranial nerves to the opposite side

49
Q

What connects the medulla to the cerebellum?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

50
Q

Where is the IV ventricle in relation to the PONS

A

posterior to it

51
Q

What peduncle can be seen on the PONS?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

52
Q

What is the central cavity of the midbrain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

53
Q

What peduncles can be seen on the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncle

superior cerebellar peduncle

54
Q

What cranial nerves coem from the medulla?

A

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI & XII from its surface

55
Q

What cranial nerves come form the PONS

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII & VIII originate from its surface

56
Q

What cranial nerves come from the midbrain?

A

Origin of Oculomotor (CN III) & Trochlear (CN IV)

57
Q

What is the only cranial nerve emerging form the back of the brainstem and where does it emerge from?

A

CN IV

Emerges from the midbrain

58
Q

What is the dark line called if you looks at a cross section of the midbrain?

A

substantia nigra

59
Q

What are the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

right and left seperated by vermis

60
Q

What does each hemisphere of the cerebellum have?

A

Each hemisphere has an anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobe

61
Q

WHat is the surface strucutre of the cerebellum made of?

A

sulci and folia

62
Q

How many cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

A

3

63
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

posture maintenance

fine tuning motor activity

64
Q

Where does the cerbellum recieve information from?

A

information form pyramidal tracts (motor intention of brain)

information from ipsilateral proprioceptors from periphery

information from vestibular nuclei re. balance and posture

65
Q

What happens to the infromation in the cerebellum when it arrives?

A

Calculates best way to coordinate force, direction, extent of muscle contraction to maintain posture prevent overshoot and ensure smooth coordinated muscle contraction

66
Q

What happens to the information in the cerebellum once it has decided what to do?

A

Sends ‘blueprint’ back to cerebral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

67
Q

Does the cerebellum deal with information that is from the same side of the body or opposite?

A

Ipsilateral is on the same side so cerebellum deals with the same side of the body but the cerebral hemispheres deals with the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral rather than contralateral

68
Q

What tests can be done to test an abnorality of the cerebellum? - ataxia

A

Finger - nose test

Knee-heel test

Walking in a straight line

69
Q

What are the 2 main parts that make up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

70
Q

Is the diencphalon mianly white or grey matter?

A

grey matter

71
Q

How would you describe the thalamus?

A

a sensory relay station

72
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

It lies below the thalamus separated from it by the hypothalamic sulcus

73
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Despite its small size, it is the main visceral control centre & is essential for overall homeostasis

74
Q

What is the homeostatic role of hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic Control Centre

Body temperature regulation

Regulation of food intake

Regulation of water balance & thirst

Regulation of sleep-wake cycle

Control of endocrine system functioning

75
Q

What is the venous drainage of the brain?

A

venous drainage into dural venous sinuses and then into IJV

76
Q

What is the structure of the diencephalon?

A

Groove below thalamus is your hypothalamus sulcus then hypothalamus then pituitary stalk coming off

77
Q

What is the body of grey mater lateral to the 3rd ventricle?

A

thalamus

78
Q

Where does all sensory information pass through?

A

the thalamus

79
Q

What does trh diencephalon develop from?

A

Develops from diencephalic vesicle (part of forebrain vesicle)

80
Q

What is the thalamus made up of

A

different groups of nuclei

81
Q

What is the lateral group of the nuclei?

A

The lateral group are involved in processing sensory information

82
Q

Where does all sensory information synapse?

A

at the thalamus

83
Q

What happens at the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus?

A

a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway

it receives a major sensory input from the retina

year 2 neuro - Robbie (48 decks)

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