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year 2 neuro - Robbie > Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the division of the nervous system?

A
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2
Q

What direction do motor and sensory nerves run?

A

motor - form CNS to periphery

sensory - from periphery to CNS

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3
Q

What cells make up the nervous system?

A

Neurons

Glial cells

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4
Q

What are neurons?

A

structural and functional units of the nervous sytem

excitable cells

impulses are carried as action potentials

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5
Q

What are glial cells?

A

non-excitable cells

supporitng cells

much smaller than neurons but higher in numbers

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6
Q

How many dendrites and axons do neurons have?

A

multiple dendrites

one axon

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7
Q

How does an impulse travel through a typical neuron?

A

in only one direction from cell body to synaptic terminal

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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of neuron? and what are they for?

A
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9
Q

What is a sensory neuron called?

A

pseudounipolar

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10
Q

What is a motor neuron called?

A

multipolar

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11
Q

What are the features of a neuron?

A

Nucleus - loose chromatin, prominent nucleolus

Cell organelles - Mitochondria, rER( Nissl bodies), diffuse Golgi apparatus

High metabolic rate

Cytoplasm in the cell body is perikaryon, and in the axon is axoplasm

Long living and amitotic - dont regenerate when damaged

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12
Q

What is the process of an impulse and the events along a neuron?

A
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13
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Increase conduction speed in axons by ‘saltatory conduction (jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next node)

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14
Q

Depending on presence or absence of myelin sheath, neurons may be….

A

myelinated or non-myelinated

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15
Q

What is the myelin sheath formed by?

A

Schwann cells in PNS

Oligodendrocytes in CNS

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16
Q

The clinical importance of the myelin sheath is that it can related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), how does it?

A

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath (demyelination) - nerve conduction across affected axons abnormal

Cause unknown (? Viral, ?autoimmune)

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17
Q

How owuld demyelination show on an MRI?

A

whitish plaques of demyelination

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18
Q

What is the prognosis of MS

A

varies

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19
Q

What makes up white and grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

White matter: myelinated axons

Grey matter: neuronal cell bodies

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20
Q

What is a tract?

A

Things carried to and form the brain and carried in tracts

Different modalities clustered together for various speeds

All these different receptors (touch, pain, vibrations, temperature, pressure) are connected to different sensory neurons and their axons pass through spinal cord on the way to the brain and cluster in different bundles

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21
Q

What are nuclei?

A

a nucleus (plural form: nuclei) is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

Collections of grey mater in the brain are called nuclei and are just collection of neuronal cell bodies

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22
Q

What is 1?

A

sensory so a pseudounipolar

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23
Q

What is 2?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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24
Q

what is 3?

A

tract and white matter

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25
Q

What is 4 called?

A

nucleus

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26
Q

Do glial cells carry action potentials?

A

no they are non-excitable

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27
Q

How many types of glial cells are there and where are they located?

A

4 in CNS and 2 in PNS

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28
Q

a

A

satellite cell

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29
Q

b

A

schwann cell

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30
Q

c

A

astrocytes

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31
Q

d

A

oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

e

A

microglia

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33
Q

f

A

ependymal cell

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34
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

surrounds neuronal cell bodies

35
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

myelination

36
Q

What is the funciton of astrocytes?

A

have endfeet - surround synapses and capillaries - help in the blood brain barrier

help in K+ buffering

37
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

myelination

38
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

phagocytosis

scar tissue formation

39
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

line ventricles

40
Q

What is the bloodbrain barrier?

A

Is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevents harmful amino acids & ions present in the bloodstream and blood cells from entering the brain

Barrier created between capillaries and brain tissue and prevents a lot of stuff leaking out of the capillaries

41
Q

What 3 things make up the blood brain barrier?

A
42
Q

A?

A

cerebrum

43
Q

B?

A

cerebellum

44
Q

C?

A

Diencephalon

45
Q

D?

A

Brainstem

46
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

seat of consciousness

e.g. interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement

47
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

balance and coordination

48
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

49
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

the midbrain, the pons and medulla (oblongata)

50
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Vital centres eg: cardiorespiratory,

Pathway for fibre tracts

The brain stem controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body,controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy

51
Q

What is A?

A

midbrain

52
Q

What is B?

A

PONS

53
Q

What is C?

A

Medulla

54
Q

What are ventricles?

A

cavities in the brain filled with CSF

55
Q

What are the first 2 ventricles called?

A

The lateral ventricles are C-shaped cavities which lie in the cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

What is the 3rd ventricle?

A

The interventricular foramen connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle - the cavity within the diencephalon

57
Q

What part of the ventrical system lies in the midbrain?

A

The cerebral aqueduct lies in the midbrain

58
Q

What is the 4th ventricle?

A

The diamond-shaped 4th ventricle lies in the hindbrain

59
Q

Overall what is all of the ventricular system made up of?

A

The ventricular system is composed of:

2 lateral ventricles

the third ventricle

the cerebral aqueduct

the fourth ventricle

60
Q

What is A?

A

lateral ventricles

61
Q

What is B?

A

interventricular foramen

62
Q

What is C?

A

third ventricle

63
Q

What is D?

A

cerebral aqueduct

64
Q

What is E?

A

Fouth ventricle

65
Q

study this picture of the ventricular system

A
66
Q

What part of the ventricular system do you have in the cerebrum?

A

Within cerebral hemispheres (x2) = lateral ventricle (x2)

67
Q

What part of the ventricular system do you have in the diencephalon?

A

3rd ventricle

68
Q

What part of the ventricular system do you have in the midbrain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

69
Q

What part of the ventricular system do you have between the Pons + medulla (infront) and cerebellum (at back)?

A

4th ventricle

70
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 coverings of the CNS

71
Q

What is A?

A

dura mater

72
Q

What is B?

A

arachnoid mater

73
Q

What is C?

A

pia mater

74
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

outer layer

The dura mater is tough, fibrous and has dural folds

75
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

spider web like

middle layer

dont normally see in wet specimens

76
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

The pia mater is vascularised and dips into the folds of the brain

The inner layer

77
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Between the dura and arachnoid mater

The subdural space is a potential space which is traversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS

78
Q

What is present in the subarachnoid space?

A

The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

fluid in teh cavity of the brain (i.e. the ventricles) and central canal of the spinal cord

it is to some extent responsible for maintenance of intracranial pressure

also present surrounding the brain and the spinal cord in between the layers of the meninges which are coverings of the brain (between pi and arachnoid mater)

80
Q

Where is CSF present?

A

Inside ventricles

Between pia & arachnoid mater

81
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

By choroid plexus in each ventricle

82
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

By Arachnoid villi (small protrusion of the arachnoid mater) into saggital sinus (venous channel in brain)

83
Q

What is the prcoess of CSF?

A

CSF secreted by choroid plexus, enters subarachnoid space, absorbed by arachnoid villa

84
Q

What does the blood brain barrier maintain?

A

Blood Brain Barrier maintains homeostasis in brain parenchyma

year 2 neuro - Robbie (48 decks)

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