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year 2 neuro - Robbie > Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Orbit and Eye > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Orbit and Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous coat

Vascular coat

Sensory coat

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2
Q

What makes up the fibrous coat?

A

Sclera

Cornea

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3
Q

What makes up the vascular coat?

A

Choroid

Ciliary body

Iris

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4
Q

What makes up the sensory coat?

A

Retina

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5
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. bowmans membrane
  3. stroma
  4. descemets layers
  5. endothelium
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6
Q

What is the epithelium of the cornea?

A

it is stratified squamous non-keratinised

Cells are quite flat so stratified squamous

Unlike skin it is non-keratinized

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7
Q

What is bowmans membrane?

A

the basement membrane of the coreneal epithelium

epithelium are always sitting on a basement membrane

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8
Q

What is the stroma?

A

it is regular arranged collagen and has no blood vessels meaning it is transpartent which is opposite to the sclera

collagen in the cornea are arranged parallel to each other and very uniform meaning light can pass through into the eye

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9
Q

what is descemets layer?

A

basement membrane for the inner epithelium called the endothelium

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10
Q

What is the endothelium

A

the inner epithelium which is against the aqueous humor

it is single layered unlike the outer epithelium

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11
Q

Can you see the cornea?

A

not really as it is transparent

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12
Q

How is the transparency of the cornea maintained?

A

1 . histologically - regular arrangement of collagen in stroma

  1. no blood vessels
  2. endothelium cell layer has a pump that actively keeps the aqueous humor out
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13
Q

What is aqueous humor responsible for?

A

maintenance of pressure of the eyeball

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14
Q

What may start ot happen if there is not enough endothelium cells?

A

aqueous humor may start to get into the cornea and it will begin to become hazy

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15
Q

Does avascularity play are role in corneal transplant?

A

yes

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16
Q

What is the important role of avascularity of the cornea in corneal transplant?

A

it is a benefit to surgeons

there is a lesser chance of forgein antigens from the corneal graft being recognised by the recipient, so lesser chance of a graft rejection

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17
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ciliary body?

A
  1. Has muscles in which help suspend the lens and helps in changing shape of lens
  2. Production of aqueous humor
18
Q

Where is aqueous humor drained?

A

angle of the anterior chamber

19
Q

Once aqueous humor is at the angle of the anterior chamber, where does the aqueous humor drain?

A

goes through a trabecular meshwork which acts as a siv

drains into a tube called schlemms canal and then eventually to veins

20
Q

How many layers make up the retina?

A

10

21
Q

What supplies blood to the retina?

A

the outer layers are supplied by the choroid

the choroid has many blood vessels of different sizes which supply the outer layers of the retina with blood through diffusion

the inner layers of the retina get blood from branches of the central retinal artery

22
Q

What is A?

A

pigment epithelial layer

23
Q

What is B?

A

layer of rods and cones

24
Q

What is C?

A

nerve fibre layer

25
Q

What is the pigment epithelial layer?

A

maintains health of retinal rods and cones

(nourishes retinal visual cells)

Age related macular degeneration – dystrophy effecting pigment epithelial layer which leads to destruction of rods and cones

26
Q

What is the layer of rods and cones?

A

photosensitive cells

they are photoreceptors responsible for sight

27
Q

What is the nerve fibre layer?

A

recieves information as an action potential and takes it to the brain

joins up to form the optic nerve

28
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

area packed with cones so maximum visual acuity

in the middle of the eye

cones are a lot more sensitive to light changes than rods

in the fovea centralis all the other layers are pushed to the side

29
Q

Describe the strucutre of the lens

A

Transparent

crystalline biconvex structure

suspended by zonules from the ciliary body

can change shape (i.e. become less or more convex)

30
Q

How is the lens transparent and what can this lead to in later life?

A

For it to be transparent, it needs to be avascular

This avascularity is one of the factors that predisposes it to become opaque later in life

31
Q

What is cataract?

A

lens opacification

32
Q

What are the areas infront and behind the lens called?

A

infront - anterior segment

behind - posterior segment

33
Q

WHat is the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and the sclera on the front of the eye?

A

conjunctiva

34
Q

What muscles contorl the eye lids?

A

Orbicularis oculi helps close eye

levator pupillae superioris elevates the eyelid

35
Q

What helps keep the shape and supports the eyelids?

A

tarsal plate

36
Q

What do meibomian glands do?

A

Exocrine glands found along the rims of the eyelid inside the tarsal plate

They produce meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye’s tear film

37
Q

Where do tears drain?

A

into the lacrimal sac that drains into the inferior meatus in the nose

38
Q

What produces tears?

A

Lacrimal gland is lateral and above to the eye around the LPS, secretes tears onto the surface of the gland

Facial nerve is responsible for secreting parasympathetic of the lacrimal gland

39
Q

What are the functions of tear film?

A
  1. Keeps cornea moist, prevents drying
  2. Washes away any particulate foreign bodies
  3. Has antibodies and lysozymes to kill microbes
  4. Smooths outer surface of cornea providing smooth surface for refraction
40
Q

What is the strutuce of tear film?

A

Layer 1: mucinous layer (~30%) overlying corneal epithelium

Layer 2: aqueous layer (~69%) lies over the mucinous layer

Layer 3: oily layer (<1%) is the most superficial

41
Q

What is the process of tear film breaking up?

A

During a blink, the sharp lower border of the upper eyelid distributes the tear film evenly

When eyelids are open, aqueous component of tears begin to evaporate, and oily layer comes close to the mucin layer

When these 2 layers touch each other, the tear film breaks up and stimulates further blinking

year 2 neuro - Robbie (48 decks)

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