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Year 2 - Theme 1 > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurulation

A
  • Development of the brain
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2
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A
  • Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
  • Cells thicken to form neural plate
  • Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube
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3
Q

What do neural crest cells differentiate into?

A
  • Neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems
  • Cells of the adrenal gland
  • Epidermis
  • Skeletal/connective tissue of the head
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4
Q

What are the layers of the neural tube(outermost to inner)?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Neural crest
  • Mantle layer
  • Ependymal
  • lumen
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5
Q

What does the mantle layer become?

A
  • Brain parenchyma

- Gray matter

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6
Q

Where is the ependymal layer located?

A
  • Lines ventricles
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7
Q

What does the lumen become?

A
  • Ventricles + central canal
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8
Q

When do the layers of the neural tube further develop by into structures that we recognise?

A
  • embryonic day 24
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9
Q

What is anencephaly?

A
  • Failure of the anterior neuropore to close

- Fatal

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10
Q

What is spina bifida?

A
  • Failure of the posterior neural tube to close which leads to open vertebral canal
  • Divided by a cleft
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11
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A
  • Hidden, vertebral arch defect only

- Can be indicated by hair patch on lower back

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12
Q

What is spina bifida cystica?

A

Meningocele - meninges project out

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13
Q

what are the primary vesicles and what do they develop into?

A

Prosencecepahlon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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14
Q

What do the cerebral hemispheres develop from

A
  • Prosencephalon –> telencephalon –> cerebral hemispheres
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15
Q

What do the eyes develop from?

A
  • Prosencephalon –> optic vesicles –> eyes
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16
Q

What do the thalamus/hypothalamus develop from?

A
  • Prosencephalon –> diencephalon –> thalamus/hypothalamus
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17
Q

What do the pons/cerebellum develop from?

A
  • Rhombencephalon –> metencephalon –> pons/cerebellum
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18
Q

What does the medulla develop from?

A
  • Rhombencephalon –> myelencephalon –> medulla
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19
Q

What are the secondary vesicles?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Optic vesicles
  • Diencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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20
Q

What does gray matter mainly consist of?

A
  • Mainly neuronal bodies(eg cerebral cortex, brain nuclei)
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21
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A
  • Mainly myelinated axons
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22
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A
  • Divides frontal from parietal lobe
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23
Q

What cortex is the precentral gyrus a part of?

A
  • Motor
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24
Q

What cortex is the postcentral gyrus a part of?

A
  • Sensory
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25
Q

What does the lateral sulcus divide?

A
  • Divides temporal from parietal lobe
26
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres
27
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A
  • Involved with emotion and memory
28
Q

What is the fornix?

A
  • Semi-circular white matter tract connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies
29
Q

What is is corpus striatum?

A
  • Series of interconnected nuclei at the base of forebrain
30
Q

What does the corpus striatum divide into?

A
  • lentiform nucleus –> putamen + globus pallidus

- Caudate nucleus

31
Q

Location of the lentiform nucleus

A
  • Lens shaped and sits lateral to caudate nucleus
32
Q

Location of the caudate nucleus

A
  • C-shaped(due to embryonic folding) and sits in wall of lateral ventricle
33
Q

What is the basal ganglia involved in?

A
  • Control of posture and voluntary movement
34
Q

What does the internal capsule form?

A
  • Forms major white matter tract(connects cortex to brainstem)
35
Q

Function of the thalamus

A
  • Paired structure
  • Relays sensory info to the cortex
  • Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness
36
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A
  • Inferior to thalamus
  • Homeostasis
  • Coordinates ANS and endocrine responses
  • Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms
  • Receives inputs from limbic system
37
Q

Location of the hypothalamus

A
  • Sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
38
Q

What forms the brainstem and cerebellum

A

Mesencephalon and rhombencephalon

39
Q

What forms the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

40
Q

What forms the pons and medulla

A

Rhombencephalon

41
Q

What does the brainstem contain

A
  • Cranial nerve nuclei within all three regions
  • Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
  • Vomiting centre
  • Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
  • White matter tracts
42
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles contain?

A
  • White matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon
43
Q

What is the superior colliculus responsible for?

A

Vision - eye movements

44
Q

What is the inferior colliculus responsible for?

A

auditory - relay nuclei

Inferior colliculus receives info from the 8th cranial nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve

45
Q

What is the red nucleus responsible for?

A

Motor coordination - relay between cortex and cerebellum

46
Q

What is the substantial nigra responsible for?

A

Dopaminergic neurons

Part of basal ganglia

47
Q

Why is substantial nigra black

A

Dopmainergic neurons contain melanin(gives substantial nigra) its black colour

48
Q

What do the middle cerebellar peduncles consist of?

A

White matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum

49
Q

What does the anterior part of the medulla oblongata contain?

A
  • Pyramid

- Olive

50
Q

What is the pyramid of medulla oblongata

A
  • Corticospinal tract - main voluntary motor pathway
51
Q

What is the olive of the medulla oblongata formed by?

A
  • Formed by olivary nuclei

- Motor relay to cerebellum

52
Q

What are the tubercles that form the posterolateral part of the medulla oblongata

A
  • Cuneate tubercle
  • Gracile tubercle

The nuclei form part of the ascending tract

53
Q

What are the nuclei of the medulla oblongata important for?

A

Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the cardiovascular system

54
Q

Describe what the cerebellum consists of

A
  • Outer gray matter
  • Underlying white matter
  • Two cerebellar hemispheres
  • Three lobes
  • Contains nuclei
55
Q

What are the main functions of the cerebellum

A
  • Control of posture
  • Coordinating and planning limb movements
  • Control of eye movements
56
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Flocculonodular lobe
  • Posterior lobe
57
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

the vermis

58
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem

A

Via cerebellar peduncles

59
Q

What is the flocculonodular lobe responsible for?

A

Eye movements

60
Q

What do emerging nerve fibres from the mantle layer form

A
  • Neuroblasts to form the marginal layer(white matter)

Year 2 - Theme 1 (30 decks)

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