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Year 2 - Theme 1 > The ventricular system > Flashcards

The ventricular system Flashcards

1
Q

How do the ventricles form

A
  • Lumen expands at cranial end to form ventricles
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2
Q

What are the parts of the lateral ventricles that are associated with each lobe

A
  • Anterior horn - frontal lobe
  • Body - parietal lobe
  • Posterior horn - occipital lobe
  • Inferior horn - temporal lobe
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3
Q

What is T1 in CT scans

A
  • Fluid is black, brain tissue appears white - good for looking at structure
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4
Q

What is T2 in CT scans

A
  • Fluid is white, brain tissue appears black - good for looking at fluid
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5
Q

What are the borders of the lateral ventricles

A
  • Septum pellucidum separates lateral ventricles

- Corpus callosum sits in roof

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6
Q

Location of the caudate nucleus

A
  • Sits in lateral wall
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7
Q

Location of the hippocampus

A
  • Hippocampus sits in floor of inferior horn
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8
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle

A
  • Through ventricle through the internventricular foramen AKA foramen of monro
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9
Q

Location of third ventricle

A
  • Slit like cleft between thalami

- Fornix forms roof

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10
Q

What type of matter are corpus callosum, septum pellucidum and fornix

A
  • White matter
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11
Q

What type of matter are caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, thalamus and hippocampus

A
  • Gray matter
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12
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle

A
  • Through the cerebral aqueduct AKA aqueduct of sylvius
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13
Q

Location and shape of fourth ventricle

A

Surrounded by hindbrain

  • Cerebellum posterior
  • Pons and medulla anterior
  • Cerebellar peduncles lateral
  • Characteristic peduncles lateral
  • Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
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14
Q

What are the three foramen exits into subarachnoid space

A
  • Two foramen of luschka(lateral)

- One foramen of magendie(middle)

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15
Q

Where do the foramina of luschka and magendie exit into

A
  • Cisterna magna
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16
Q

Role of superior colliculi

A
  • Vision
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17
Q

Role of inferior colliculi

A
  • Hearing
18
Q

Role of choroid plexus

A
  • CSF production

- Filters blood from branches of internal carotid and basilar arteries

19
Q

Describe the structure of the choroid plexus -

A
  • Very simple

- Capillary network surrounded by cuboidal epithelium

20
Q

How is blood filtered by the choroid plexus

A
  • Blood filtered through fenestrated(has holes) capillaries
  • Components transported through cuboidal epithelium into ventricles
  • There are tight junctions between epithelial cells which prevent macromolecules from entering CSF
  • Permeable to water and CO2
  • Forms blood-CSF barrier
21
Q

Describe the cuboidal epithelium in the ventricles

A
  • Specialised ependyma
  • Villi present to increase surface area
  • Active transport of CSF components
  • Bidirectional(uptake of metabolites into circulatory system)
  • 60% CSF produced in ventricles
  • 40% CSF from other sites within brain
22
Q

Protein content in CSF in comparison to plasma and why

A

CSF protein - 0.18 g/l
plasma protein - 75 g/l

  • Protein levels low in CSF as the CSF has to be sterile and macromolecules are stopped by tight junctions
23
Q

What is the cisterna magna

A
  • Is one of the three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges of the brain
24
Q

What is the subarachnoid space

A
  • Lies between pia and arachnoid

- Subarachnoid space follows contours of brain

25
Q

Purpose of cSF

A

Functionally important - CSF in contact with brain parenchyma

  • transfer of micronutrients into brain
  • removal of metabolites
26
Q

What are arachnoid granulations

A
  • Herniations of arachnoid membrane(villi) through dura mater into venous sinuses
  • Mainly within the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses
27
Q

Pressure difference between csf and sinuses

A
  • CSF pressure must exceed that in venous sinuses
  • 150mm water in subarachnoid space
  • 80mm water in venous sinuses
  • If venous pressure exceeds CSF pressure, tips of villi close off(prevents reflux of blood into subarachnoid space)
  • Arachnoid villi act as one-way valves
28
Q

How much CSF is produced per day

A
  • 500ml CSF produced per day(0.35ml/min)
29
Q

What is the total volume of CSF in the system

A

90-140ml

30
Q

What happens to excess CSF

A
  • Absorbed by arachnoid granulations
31
Q

What are the main functions of CSF

A
  • Hydraulic buffer to cushion brain against trauma
  • Vehicle for removal of metabolites from CNS
  • Stable ionic environment for neuronal function(communicates with brain interstitial fluid via pia)
  • Transport for neurotransmitters and chemicals
32
Q

What does yellow(xanthochromia) CSF indicate?

A
  • Due to conversion of haemoglobin to billirubin
  • eg subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • lysis of red blood cells, haemoglobin release
33
Q

What does cloudy CSF indicate?

A
  • Due to presence of lots of antibodies and white blood cells
  • eg multiple sclerosis
  • Protein content(gamma globulin) increase
  • eg bacterial meningitis
  • Leukocytes are increased, indicative of infection
34
Q

How is CSF sampled

A
  • Taken by lumbar puncture at lumbar cistern(no spinal cord)
  • L3/4 for adults
  • L4/5 for children
  • Vertebrae is slower growing than
35
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A
  • Dilation of brain ventricles
  • Due to blocked CSF circulation, impaired absorption or over secretion
  • increased intracranial pressure
  • Pressure on surrounding tissues affects neurological function
  • Can be congenital or acquired
36
Q

What are the symptoms of hydrocephalus

A
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Visual disturbances
  • Pailledema(swelling of optic disc)
  • Seizures
  • Altered cognition
  • Balance and coordination problems
37
Q

What is non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A
  • Blockage within the ventricular system
  • Due to tumour, cyst, stenosis(eg narrowing of cerebral aqueduct)
  • CSF does not circulate over surface of brain
38
Q

Normal treatment for non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Surgery - insert shunt to reduce intracranial pressure

- Blockage often in the cerebral aqueduct

39
Q

What is dandy-walker syndrome

A
  • Congenital malformation of the cerebellum
  • Obstruction within foramina of fourth ventricle
  • Symmetrical dilation of lateral, third and fourth ventricles
40
Q

Treatment for dandy-walker syndrome

A
  • Insert a shunt to reduce intracranial pressure

- In infancy, child’s head may become enlarged, tend to have a large skull

41
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • Obstruction in the arachnoid villi
  • Movement of CSF into venous is impeded
  • eg impaired absorption following subarachnoid haemorrhage trauma or bacterial meningitis

Year 2 - Theme 1 (30 decks)

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