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Module 202 Theme 1 > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the neuroectoderm receive signals from?

A

Notochord

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2
Q

Where does the nervous system develop from?

A

Ectoderm - Neural plate

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3
Q

How does the neural tube develop?

A

`Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards

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4
Q

When does the neural plate fold?

A

Embryonic day 20

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5
Q

What do the neural crest cells differentiate into?

A

Neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems
Cells of the adrenal gland
Epidermis
Skeletal/connective tissue of the head

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6
Q

What does the mantle layer form?

A

Brain parenchyma

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7
Q

What does the ependymal layer do?

A

Lines the ventricles

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8
Q

What does the lumen become?

A

Ventricles and central canal

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9
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close
Fatal
Occurs in 1 in 1000 pregnancies

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10
Q

What is spinal bifida?

A

Failure of posterior neural tube to close

Leads to open vertebral canal

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11
Q

What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica?

A

Occulta - hidden, vertebral arch defect only
Cystica - meningocele- meninges projects out
Morbidity is 25% of cases

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12
Q

How are the main brain regions formed?

A

Expansion of the cranial end

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13
Q

What does the prosencephalon form?

A

Fore brain
Telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres
Optic vesicles- eyes
Diencephalon - thalamus/hypothalamus

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14
Q

What does the mesencephalon form?

A

Midbrain

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15
Q

What does the rhombencephalon form?

A

Hindbrain
Metencephalon - pons/cerebellum
Myelencephalon - medulla

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16
Q

When does the further development of secondary vesicles of the brain occur?

A

Embryonic day 36

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17
Q

What is found in grey matter?

A

Mainly neuronal cell bodies

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18
Q

What is found in white matter?

A

Mainly myelinated axons

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19
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Grey and white matter

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20
Q

Describe the telencephalon

A

Comprises the cerebral hemispheres/cerebral cortex, components of the limbic system and the basal ganglia

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21
Q

What are cerebral hemispheres divided into?

A

4 lobes

  • frontal
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • occipital
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22
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres

Folded to form gyri and sulci

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23
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

Motor

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24
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

Sensory

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25
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

Divides temporal from parietal lobe

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26
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Divides frontal lobe and parietal lobe

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27
Q

What is found in precentral gyrus?

A

Premotor cortex

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28
Q

What is found in the frontal lobe?

A

Motor speech area of Broca

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29
Q

What is found in the occipital lobe?

A

Visual cortex

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30
Q

What is found in the central sulcus?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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31
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres

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32
Q

What is the corpus callosum split into?

A

Genu
Body
Splenium

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33
Q

What are deep brain structures?

A

Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemispheres

Interconnected to form important neural pathways such as limbic system and basal ganglia

34
Q

Describe the limbic system

A 
Limbic system spans the telencephalon and diencephalon
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
Fornix
Cingulate cortex
35
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

Involved with emotion and memory

36
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The fornix is a semi-circular white matter tract connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies

37
Q

Describe the hippocampus

A

Looks like seahorse- 2
Pes hippocampus, connects with fornix and mammillary bodies
Sits in floor of lateral ventricle

38
Q

Describe the basal ganglia

A

Series of interconnected nuclei at base of the forebrain

39
Q

What two nuclei make up the corpus striatum?

A

Lentiform nucleus

Caudate nucleus

40
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

41
Q

What shape is the lentiform nucleus?

A

Lens shaped

42
Q

What shape is caudate nucleus?

43
Q

What is the caudate nucleus split into?

A

Head
Body
Tail

44
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus found?

A

Sits in wall of caudate nucleus

45
Q

Where does the lentiform nucleus sit?

A

Lateral to caudate nucleus

46
Q

What does the internal capsule form?

A

Major white matter tract

47
Q

What does the internal capsule do?

A

Connects cortex to brainstem

48
Q

Where is the internal capsule found?

A

Internal to lentiform nucleus

49
Q

Where is the external capsule found?

A

External to lentiform nucleus

50
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Central location

51
Q

What comprises the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

52
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

Paired structure

53
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relays sensory information to the cortex

Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness

54
Q

How are thalami connected?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

55
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Inferior to thalamus
Between optic chiasm (CN2- converge/decussate to form optic tracts) and mammillary bodies
In Front of mammillary bodies

56
Q

What is the hypothalamus involved in?

A

Homeostasis
Coordinates ANS and endocrine responses
Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms
Receives inputs from limbic system

57
Q

What is found under the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary gland (endocrine gland)

58
Q

What glad is found posterior to the thalamus?

A

Pineal gland

59
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Produces melatonin (involved in sleep)

60
Q

Describe the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

61
Q

What is found superior to the midbrain?

A

Pineal gland

62
Q

How is the brain stem related to the spinal cord?

A

Continuous

63
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei within all 3 regions
Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
Vomiting centre
Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
White matter tracts

64
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

White matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon

65
Q

What is the superior colliculus involved in?

A

Vision

Eyemovements

66
Q

What is the inferior colliculus involved in?

A

Auditory

Relay nuclei

67
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Dopaminergic nuclei

Part of basal ganglia

68
Q

What is the red nucleus involved in?

A

Motor coordination- relay between cortex and cerebellum

69
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A

Relays information to cerebellum

90% of axons descending through the midbrain synapse in the pons

70
Q

What is the middle cerebral peduncle?

A

White matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum

71
Q

What do transverse fibres form?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

72
Q

What is contained in the pons?

A

Reticular formation- nuclei concerned with sleep and motor control

73
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

Nuclei that control respiration and the cardiovascular system

74
Q

What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

A

Corticospinal tract - main voluntary motor pathway

75
Q

What are the olives of the medulla oblongata?

A

Formed by olivary nuclei. Motor relay to the cerebellum

76
Q

Where is the cerebellum found?

A

Posterior to brainstem

77
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebellum

A 
Outer grey matter
Underlying white matter
Divided into 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Divided into 3 lobes
Contains nuclei
78
Q

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A

Motor control
Controls posture
Coordinating and planning limb movements
Control of eye movements

79
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

80
Q

Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior-
Posterior-
Flocculonodular- eye movement

Module 202 Theme 1 (28 decks)

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