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Module 202 Theme 1 > Neural Tissues > Flashcards

Neural Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

Communication

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2
Q

Describe the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

Used for information processing including reflexes and behaviour

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3
Q

Describe the use of the peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Sensory detection
Motor activation

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4
Q

Define afferent neuron

A

Transmit sensory information to the brain/spinal cord

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5
Q

Define efferent neuron

A

Motor neurons transmitting information from the brain to effector organ

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6
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Group of cell bodies outside the CNS

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7
Q

What is a motor ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

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8
Q

Describe the cells of motor gangion

A

Smaller neurons with eccentric nuclei

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9
Q

Give an example of sensory ganglion

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

Describe the cells of sensory ganglion

A

Big neurons with central nuclei

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11
Q

Define rostum

A

Up/beak

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12
Q

Define caudal

A

Tail

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13
Q

Define Dorsal

A

Back

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14
Q

What is brodmann area 4?

A

Primary motor cortex

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15
Q

What is brodmann area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

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16
Q

What are Brodmann areas?

A

Useful for describing cortical areas
Each has inputs and outputs
Often has a function

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a CNS neuron

A

Nucleus within cell body and extends one or more processes (dendrites and axon)

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18
Q

What is myelin?

A

Many layers of cell membrane

Electrical insulation

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19
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

Increase conduction velocity

20
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

Unipolar- 1 process
Bipolar- 2 processes
Multipolar- multiple dendrites
All have just 1 axon

21
Q

Where is a pyramidal cell found?

A

Neocortex

22
Q

Where is a purkinje cell found?

A

Cerebellum

23
Q

Where is the dorsal root ganglion found?

A

Just outside the spinal cord

24
Q

Describe the structure of a bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite
one axon
least numerous
sensory neurons

25
Q

Give an example of a bipolar neuron

A

In the retina of the eye

26
Q

Describe the structure of a pseudounipolar neuron

A

One axon

One dendrite

27
Q

Give an example of a pseudounipolar neuron

A

Dorsal root ganglia

28
Q

Give examples of post synaptic cells

A

Neuron
Myocyte
Gland

29
Q

Describe what is meant by divergent

A

A single neuron sends its output signal to many neurons

30
Q

Given an example of divergent

A

Skin

31
Q

Describe what is meant by convergent

A

Multiple inputs influence a single neuron

32
Q

Give an example of convergent

A

Retina

33
Q

What are interneurons and where are they found?

A

Only occur in CNS
Neither motor not sensory
Process signals
Can be inhibitory or excitatory

34
Q

How do glia differ from neurons?

A

No action potentials
Are able to divide
Form the myelin sheath
Do not form synapses

35
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Basic nerve cells

Impulse conducting

36
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

Supportive

Protective

37
Q

List the glial cells

A 
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
38
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Found in CNS
Production/maintenance of myelin sheath in CNS
One oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons (from different neurons)

39
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Found in CNS
Supports neurons: assists neuronal development / growth (neurotrophic), protects neurons from harmful substances,
Star shaped
Its “feet” on processes abut blood vessel endothelium – influence BLOOD FLOW and BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

40
Q

What are microglia?

A 
Found in CNS
immune cells, protect 
neurons from disease, migrate 
to injury sites, engulf microbes 
/ debris, mesodermal origin
Of mesodermal origin and develop from monocytes
41
Q

What are the ependymal cells?

A

Found in CNS
line brain’s ventricles and central canal of spinal cord,
form CSF

42
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Found in PNS
Production/maintenance of the myelin sheath
1 axon wrapped per schwann cell

43
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Found in PNS
support neurons, regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid
Perform analogous role in PNS to what astrocytes do in CNS

44
Q

Which glial cells are found in the PNS?

A

Schwann cell

Satellite cells

45
Q

Which glial cells are found in the CNS?

A

Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Ependymal cell
Microglial cell

46
Q

Describe a glioma

A

largest group of primary tumours
derived from glial cells

usually highly malignant

grow rapidly

difficult to remove completely with
surgery
Usually inside cranium

47
Q

Describe a neuroblastoma

A 
tumour (cancer)
most common in children & infants
outside cranium
derived from neural crest cells from sympathetic NS
Increased Catecholamine levels (often)

Survival rates vary: depends on type
Initial prognosis is typically good
Survivors often develop neurological problems ~30 years later
treatment depends on type

Module 202 Theme 1 (28 decks)

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