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Module 202 Theme 1 > Imaging the brain and spinal cord > Flashcards

Imaging the brain and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

List some imaging modalities for the brain and spinal cord

A

Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
X-ray (plain film)

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2
Q

List the different cross sections of imaging

A

Axial
Coronal
Sagittal

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3
Q

What is meant by spatial resolution?

A

Good for looking at bones

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4
Q

What is meant by contrast resolution?

A

Good for looking at different tissues - can distinguish between different types

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5
Q

What are the most important MRI images sequences?

A

T1 and T2

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6
Q

What is a T1 weighted MRI scan?

A

Static fluid appears black

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7
Q

What is a T2 weighted MRI scan?

A

Static fluid is white

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8
Q

What static fluid is best to look at to determine the weighting of a MRI scan?

A

CSF

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9
Q

What is contrast?

A

Used to increase contrast resolution
Given intravenously or enteral before scan
Is either more or less dense than surroundings (CT or X ray) or paramagnetic (MRI)

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10
Q

What are the pros of Xray?

A

Cheap, quick, easy for patient
Good spatial resolution
Low radiation dose

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11
Q

What are the cons of Xray?

A

Poor contrast resolution

Planar imaging

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12
Q

What are the pros of CT?

A

Quick, widely available
Cross sectional images
High contrast resolution

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13
Q

What are the cons of CT?

A

Radiation dose

IV contrast risks

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14
Q

What are the pros of MRI?

A

Contrast resolution
Specific applications
No radiation

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15
Q

What are the cons of MRI?

A

Limited availability
Patient experience
Expense
Magnet/contrast risks

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16
Q

Which imaging modalities are used to view the skull?

A

CT

X-ray

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17
Q

Describe a blowout trauma

A

Soft tissue found in the sinus

Bone fragment displaced

18
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Separates the cerebral hemispheres

19
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

20
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Lie between the outer (periosteal) and inner (meningeal) layers of the dura

21
Q

Contrast is not used in which weighted MRI scan?

A

T2 - fluid is already white

22
Q

What is the function of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Language, reasoning, motor and sensory function

23
Q

What comprises the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

24
Q

What is the purpose of the basal ganglia?

A

Action selection and movement regulation

25
Q

What is the purpose of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station

26
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

A

Motor coordination, balance and precision

27
Q

What is the purpose of the brain stem?

A

Life support: heart rate and breathing

28
Q

What can be seen on a CT scan in the case of a blunt trauma to the head?

A 
Extradural haematoma (damage to meningeal artery/vein)
Midline shift
29
Q

How can a blunt trauma to the head be imaged?

A

By taking a bone window followed by a soft tissue window

30
Q

Describe the ventricles and their function

A

4 Ventricles
Choroid plexus lines ventricles- production of CSF
Ventricles connect with central canal of spinal cord via 4th ventricle allowing CSF circulation
Network of 4 cavities in the brain

31
Q

Give an image modality used to view the ventricles

A

MRI T2 weighted with no contrast - CSF appears white

32
Q

Describe what may be seen in a case of chronic headache using axial CT

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus with dilatation of both lateral ventricles due to colloid cyst at foramen of monro

33
Q

Describe the arteries of the brain

A

Aorta - internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries - circle of willis

34
Q

Describe an image modality used to view the arteries of the brain

A

MRA (magnetic resonance angiogram) - Angiogram with 3D contrast
DSA (digital subtraction angiography) - X-ray with contrast

35
Q

Describe an image modality used to view the veins of the brain

A

DSA (digital subtraction angiography) - X-ray with contrast

36
Q

What might be seen on a CT scan of a patient with an ischemic MCA stroke?

A

Cerebral edema

Midline shift

37
Q

What is used to determine the cause of a stroke?

A

Angiogram (DSA - LATERAL)

Useful for spotting atherosclerotic plaques in the internal carotid artery

38
Q

What is more sensitive than CT for acute stroke?

A

MRI (diffusion)

39
Q

Which imaging modality is good for assessing the bones in the spine?

A

X-ray

CT (bones and joints)

40
Q

Which imaging modality is good for assessing the soft tissue detail in the spine?

A

MRI

Module 202 Theme 1 (28 decks)

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