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AP US History > Topics 6.6-6.9 > Flashcards

Topics 6.6-6.9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

A business tycoon who amassed a fortune in the steamboat business and who helped to consolidate many small rail lines under the New York Central Railroad

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2
Q

Pools

A

An informal agreement between a group of leaders to keep their prices high and competition low

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3
Q

J.P. Morgan

A

A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks

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4
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

A Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of the steel industry

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5
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A

An American industrialist who founded Standard Oil

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6
Q

Monopoly

A

When a business owns or controls all of their competitors

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7
Q

Trust

A

An organization or board that manages the assets of other companies

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8
Q

Horizontal integration

A

One company takes control of all its competitors

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9
Q

Vertical integration

A

One company controls all stages of making a product

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10
Q

Holding company

A

A company created to own and control diverse companies

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11
Q

Laissez-faire

A

“Hands off” economics

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12
Q

Social Darwinism

A

“Survivial of the fittest”: The strongest in biology, sociology, and economics will prevail

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13
Q

“Self-made men”

A

The idea of rags to riches and the concept of working your way into wealth through determination and hard work

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14
Q

Protestant work ethic

A

Material success was a sign of God’s favor and a reward for hard work

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15
Q

“Iron law of wages”

A

Raising wages would only increase the working population, and the avaliability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall, resulting in a cycle of misery and starvation

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16
Q

Collective bargaining

A

The process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time

17
Q

Railroad strike of 1877

A

A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began to strike due to wage cuts, and soon, the strike spead across the United States

18
Q

Craft unions

A

Unions focused on one type of work

19
Q

National Labor Union

A

The first attempt to organize all types of workers in all tates, founded in 1866

20
Q

Knights of Labor

A

Founded in 1869 and went public in 1881 as a union open to all people, including women and African Americans

21
Q

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A

Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 to aid skilled workers

22
Q

Homestead strike (1892)

A

A violent strike at the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh following a lockout over the decision to cut wages by nearly 20%

23
Q

Pullman strike (1894)

A

A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts, eventually stopped by President Cleveland

24
Q

“Pushes”

A

Factors that motivated people to leave their home countries

25
Q

“Pulls”

A

Factors that drew people into immigrating to the United States

26
Q

“Old immigrants”

A

Immigrants that came from northern and western Europe who spoke mostly English and were Protestant

27
Q

“New” immigrants

A

Immigrants who came from southern and eastern Europe who didn’t speak English and practiced a variety of different religions, causing them to face discrimination

28
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A

Ended the immigration of the Chinese to the United States

29
Q

Streetcar suburbs

A

Communities that grew along transit routes leading to an urban center

30
Q

Ethnic neighborhoods

A

Neighborhoods of immigrants of the same nation formed to maintain their languages, cultures, places of worship, and social clubs

31
Q

American Protective Association

A

The largest anti-Catholic organization of the 1890s

32
Q

Ellis Island

A

An immigration center in the New York, opened in 1892, where many European immigrants passed through

33
Q

Political machines

A

Groups of politicians that welcomed immigrants to gain their loyalty for future elections

34
Q

“Boss”

A

The top politician of a political machine who commanded the group

35
Q

Settlement houses

A

A house where immigrants came to live, often established by reformers

36
Q

Melting pot

A

The mingling of diverse groups in the United States, including the idea that these groups should be “melting” into a single culture or people

AP US History (10 decks)

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