Period 4: 1800-1848 Flashcards
Thomas Jefferson
The 3rd president from 1801-1809 who established Democratic-Republican power in the government and greatly expanded the size of the USA through the Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
A land purchase from France that doubled the size of the USA and gave them the port of New Orleans
Lewis and Clark
The two men who led the expedition to explore and map out the Louisiana Territory
Strict interpretation
Following the Constitution stringently by what is said, not by what is implied
John Marshall
The first Supreme Court chief justice, serving for 34 years
Judicial review
The ability of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of acts passed by the executive branch or Congress
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Declared federal laws supreme over state laws and that the national bank was constitutional
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
Established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce
Implied powers
Powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but can be infered
Economic nationalism
A political movement to support the growth of the American economy by subsidizing interal improvements and protecting US industries
Sectionalism
Loyalty to a particular region or section of the nation, rather than America as a whole
Tariff of 1816
A protective tariff that was intended to hold the production of textiles and goods
Protective tariff
Tariffs that increase the price of imported goods that compete with American-made products, thus protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition in markets
Henry Clay
Creator of the American System and Andrew Jackson’s political rival
American System
A federal economic policy aimed at promoting economic growth and development in the USA
Missouri Compromise (1820)
- Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state, so as to not upset the balance between free and slave states
- Slavery was outlawed above the 36 30 latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory
William Henry Harrison
A war hero in the War of 1812 who later became the 9th president
Monroe Doctine (1823)
Further colonization by Europe in the Western hemisphere would be considered a hostile act by the USA
National (Cumberland) Road
- First highway built entirely through federal funds
- First road open to all people
Erie Canal
- A waterway that connected the East Coast to the Midwest
- A major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities
Railroads
- Developed in the 1820s
- Rapidly changed small western towns in booming commercial centers
Factory system
Concentrated all aspects of production under one roof
Lowell system and textile mills
Employed many young women under the factory system to increase efficiency
Unions
A group of workers who come together to bargain with their employers about specific grievances
Market Revolution
Americans moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to the production of goods for sale
Old Northwest
Six states that joined the Union before 1860:
- Ohio
- Indiana
- Illinois
- Michigan
- Wisconsin
- Minnesota
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
“Peaceful unions” had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers
Universal white male suffrage
Allowed all free white males to vote and hold office without prevous property or religious requirements
Party-nomination convention
The new method of selecting candidates for political office, in which voters and party members gather at a convention to select their nominee
Popular election of the president
Allowed voters to choose a state’s slate of presidential electors
Spoils system
Jackson’s system of giving government jobs to political supporters, regardless of their qualifications or experience
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
The laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory
Trail of Tears
The relocation of Cherokees in Georgia which resulted in 4,000 deaths
Roger Taney
- Jackson’s Secretary of the Treasury who helped drain federal funds into pet banks
- Did so if Jackson nominated him for chief justice on the Supreme Court
Pet banks
The various state banks that received the drained funds from the national bank
Specie circular
Required that all future federal lands be purchased in gold and silver (specie circular)
Panic of 1837
A severe financial crisis caused by Jackson’s economic policies regarding the national bank
Nullification crisis
Resulted over the Tariff of 1828 after many states nullified it due to deeming it unconstitutional
Webster-Hayne debate
Exchange of speeches between senators Hayne and Webster over states’ rights and the nullification crisis
Proclamation to the People of South Carolina
Jackson’s statement to South Carolina that declared nullification and disunion as grounds for treason
Democrats
Emerged from the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Jackson
Whigs
Resembled the Federalists Party, led by Clay
Cultural nationalism
The nation is defined by a shared culture
Shakers
A deeply religious movement that had elements of socialism
Antebellum
Latin for “before war” and refers to the period of increasing sectionalism that led up to the Civil War
Romanticism
An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement from 1800-1850 in response to the Industrial Revolution
Transcendalists
- People who believed that each person has direct communication with God and nature, and there is no need for organized churches
- Pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s
Feminists
Advocates of women’s rights
Second Great Awakening
A Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century, marked by an enthusiatic wave of religious revival and a belief in the idea of free will
Charles Grandison Finney
A Prebysterian minister whose sermons appealed to emotion rather than logic
Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)
Formed by Joseph Smith and was based on “The Book of Mormon”
Brigham Young
Led the Mormons after Joseph Smith’s and settled them in New Zion, in Utah
Temperance
Total abstinence from alcohol
American Temperance Society
Established in 1826 by Protestant ministers to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement
A group in the 1870s that supported the temperance movement
Common (public) school movement
Led by Horace Mann, where he advocated for free public schools for kids of all classes
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
A convention led by leading feminists, where the “Declaration of Sentiments” was issued
American Colonization Society
Established on the idea of transporting free blacks to an African colony
American Antislavery Society
Abolitionist society that was founded by William Lloyd Garrison where he advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave who advocated for the direct end of slavery and racial equality based on his own experiences
Nat Turner
A slave who led a revolt in 1831 that killed 55 whites
Gag rule
Prohibited members of Congress from talking about the issue of slavery
Slave codes
Laws passed in the South to keep slaves from running away or rebelling
Planters
Southern white farmers who produced the bulk of the cotton crop
Codes of chivalry
A code of conduct in which Southern gentlemen ascribed to
Poor whites/hillbillies
Farmers who could not afford slaves and thus were deemed inferior, but above black Americans
Mountain people
Small farmers who lived in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains and whom didn’t own slaves
Deep South
Also called the Lower South, where slavery was ingraved into society and was defended heatedly
King Cotton
A phrase used in the South to refer to the economic and political importance of the cotton crop, and thus, slavery
Peculiar institution
Some whites were sensitive about the treatment of slaves, thus refusing to call it “slavery” and calling it a “peculiar institution”
