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AP US History > Periods 2 & 3: 1607-1800 > Flashcards

Periods 2 & 3: 1607-1800 Flashcards

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1
Q

British North America population (1750)

A

2.5 million non-Indian inhabitants

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2
Q

New France population (1750)

A

70,000 inhabitants

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3
Q

Spanish North America population (1750)

A

20,000 inhabitants

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4
Q

Why did British North America’s population grow?

A
  • natural increase
  • immigration
  • the importation of slaves
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5
Q

Characteristics of men in colonial society

A
  • Landowning preserved for men
  • Dominated politics
  • English law gave the husband unlimited power in the home
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6
Q

Characteristics of women in colonial society

A
  • Average wife bore 8 children
  • Domestic work
  • Educated children
  • Had limited legal and political rights
  • Under English law, married women were considered to be under the protection of their husbands - this means they had no legal existence
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7
Q

New England’s economy

A
  • Subsistence farming
  • Ship building
  • Fishing
  • Trading
  • Rum-distilling
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8
Q

The middle colonies’ economy

A
  • Farmed wheat and corn
  • Small manufacturing
  • Trading
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9
Q

The southern colonies’ economy

A
  • Agriculture varied - subsistence and commercial agriculture
  • Tobacco, indigo, and rice were major crops
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10
Q

Self government in the colonies

A

Representative assemblies elected by eligible voters

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11
Q

Religious toleration in the colonies

A

Permitted the practice of different religions with varying degrees of freedom

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12
Q

Hereditary aristocracy in the colonies

A

Class system based on economics (not birth rights)

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13
Q

Social mobility of the colonies

A
  • All had the opportunity to improve their standard of living and social status
  • Exceptions included African Americans
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14
Q

Voting and colonial assemblies

A
  • Women, blacks, and Native Americans could not vote
  • Property qualifications excluded 40% of white males from voting
  • Voter turnout in rural areas was low
  • Colonies become increasingly self-governing
  • Assemblies do not set trade regulations, print money, or declare war
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15
Q

Salutary neglect

A
  • Britain’s lack of interest and presence in colonial politics allowed assemblies to take considerable power and left the colonies alone to govern themselves
  • Colonies then became more self-sufficient and eventually led them to feelings of individuality that they feared losing
  • This brings forth the Declaration of Independence and other events
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16
Q

Causes of the Great Awakening

A
  • Change in religion (strongest 1730s and 1740s)
  • Emotional sermons
  • Met outdoors
  • Countered Enlightenment rationalism
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17
Q

Ideas of the Great Awakening

A
  • Predestination - salvation by faith and not good works
  • Stressed corrupt human nature, divine fury, and a need to repent and convert
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18
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A
  • Influenced New England
  • One notable sermon - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
  • Argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness
  • Individuals who were sorry and gave penance for their sins could be saved; those who didn’t would suffer eternal damnation
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19
Q

George Whitefield

A
  • British preacher who travelled around the colonies
  • Attracted large audiences (10,000 people)
  • Emotional sermons
  • God would save those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ; those who didn’t would be damned to Hell
  • Ordinary people with faith and sincerity could understand the gospels with depending on ministers to lead them
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20
Q

Impacts of the Great Awakening

A
  • Decline in influence of older sects - split American Protestant faith
    • Stimulated the founding of new colleges
    • Drew many African Americans and Native Americans to the Protestant faith for the first time
    • Fostered greater religious tolerance
    • Challenged clergy (untutored ministers could preach)
    • Emotionalism became a part of Protestant services
    • Democratizing effects by changing the way people viewed authority
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21
Q

The Press (Peter Zenger case)

A
  • 1735 - NY editor John Peter Zenger was brought to trial on a charge of libelously criticizing NY’s royal governor
  • English common law stated that injuring a governor’s reputation was considered a criminal act, no matter whether a printed statement was true or false
  • Outcome: The jury voted to acquit Zenger
  • Did not guarantee complete freedom of the press but encouraged newspapers to take greater risks in criticizing the government
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22
Q

The Enlightenment’s influence on the United States

A
  • Natural rights
  • Purpose of government
  • Equality
  • Consent of the governed
  • Limited government
  • Right to revolt
  • All ideas are found in Locke’s works, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution
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23
Q

The pull to America

A

○ Word-of-mouth information about America
○ Effective work and writing by recruiters
○ Appeal of land and economic opportunities
○ Desire to join earlier migrants
○ Safe pursuit of personal religious beliefs
- Hope of educating and converting Natives

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24
Q

The push from England

A

○ Escape from direct religious persecution
○ Fear regarding the religious future at home
○ Anxiety about political change in Europe
○ Dismay over economy and a need for farmland
○ Relief from joblessness or personal adversity
○ Restlessness and desire for adventure

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25
Q

Roanoke (The Lost Colony)

A
  • 1587 - Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina
    • When Governor John White returned in 1590 after going to England to get supplies, there was no trace of the colony
      ○ The only thing left of then was the word “Croatoan” carved into a tree
    • 1st English child was born there
      ○ Virginia Dare - August 18, 1587
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26
Q

Jamestown (1607)

A
  • King James I chartered the Virginia Company, which funded Jamestown
    ○ The 1st permanent English settlement
    • Jamestown nightmare:
      ○ 1607: 40 settlers died on the voyage
      ○ Gentlemen settlers refused to work
      ○ Marshy land prone to disease
      ○ Settlers wasted time looking for gold
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27
Q

Tobacco in Virginia

A
  • Prominent in Chesapeake, VA
    • Tobacco provided the colony with a “cash crop”
    • Problems with tobacco:
      ○ Destroys land
      ○ Colonists kept moving westward
      ○ Demand for labor increased
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28
Q

Indentured servants in the colonies

A
  • 4-7 years of service
    • Promised “freedom dues” (land and money)
    • Forbidden to marry
    • Temporary solution to labor issues
      ○ 1610-1614: Only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contract
    • Headright system: Land grants offered by Virginia; led to growth in the colonies
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29
Q

Causes of Bacon’s Rebellion

A
  • Sir William Berkeley favored wealthy planters
    • Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion that killed all Natives in sight and burned Jamestown
    • The frustrations of Bacon’s Rebellion:
      ○ Lack of land
      ○ Lack of political power
      ○ Lack of help to suppress Native American attacks
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30
Q

Impact of Bacon’s Rebellion

A

○ Demonstrated tension in colonial society between social classes (wealthy planters and landless/poor farmers)
○ Colonial resistance to royal control

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31
Q

Maryland (Chesapeake Colony)

A
  • Proprietorship: Lord Baltimore given land by King Charles I
    • Act of Toleration (1649): Religious freedom for all Christians (intention to protect Catholics)
      ○ One of the first laws to promote religious toleration in the colonies
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32
Q

The Plymouth colony

A

○ Settled by Pilgrims (Separatists)
○ Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share the Church with the “damned”
○ Believed in a total break from the Church of England
○ William Bradford

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33
Q

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

○ Settled by Puritans
○ Led by John Winthrop
○ Believed in predestination
○ Wanted total reform (purify) the Church of England
○ Hoped to create a religious “City Upon a Hill”
○ “Great Migration” of the 1630s
○ Turmoil in England sent about 70,000 Puritans to America

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34
Q

The Mayflower Compact

A
  • 1620: Pilgrims landed at Plymouth
    ○ The Mayflower Compact: An agreement to form a crude government and submit to majority rule
    ○ Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meeting
    • Direct democracy
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35
Q

John Winthrop and the MA Bay Colony

A
  • Well-off attorney and manor lord in England
    • Puritan minister
    • Goal: Wanted to be a “City Upon a Hill”
      ○ Believed that they had an agreement with God to serve as a model for all people
    • Became 1st governor of Massachusetts
      ○ Believed that he had a calling from God to lead there
      ○ Served as governor or deputy governor for 19 years
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36
Q

Characteristics of the New England colonies

A
  • Mixed economy: Agriculture and commerce
    • Low mortality: Average life expectancy was 70
    • Many extended families
    • Average 6 children per family
    • Average age at marriage:
      ○ Women - 22 years old
      ○ Men - 27 years old
    • Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household
    • Ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and households
    • Town hall meetings became basis of governance
      ○ All church-going males could participate
37
Q

Roger Williams

A

○ Popular minister in Salem
○ Argued for full break with Anglican Church
○ Protested treatment of Natives
○ Wanted separation of Church and State
○ Fled MA Bay Colony and founded Rhode Island (Providence - 1636)
§ Rhode Island had religious toleration and fair treatment of Native Americans

38
Q

Anne Hutchinson

A

○ Believed the idea that faith alone, not deeds, was necessary for salvation
○ Exiled from MA Bay Colony - moved to Rhode Island (Portsmouth - 1638)

39
Q

Halfway Covenant

A
  • An effort to maintain the church’s influence and membership, a halfway covenant was offered by some clergy
    ○ People could become partial church members even if they had not felt a conversion (fulfilling the formal religious process)
    • This signaled that the population was growing faster than the authority could exert control
40
Q

New York colony

A
  • Originally a Dutch colony (New Amsterdam)
    • Religiously and ethically diverse
    • Commerce and trade
41
Q

New Jersey colony

A
  • NY was too large to administer/split the land
    • Allowed religious freedom
    • Became a royal colony in 1702
42
Q

Pennsylvania colony

A
  • Founded by William Penn
    • “Holy Experiment”
    • Religious Society of Friends - proprietor colony
    • Liberal with a representative assembly
    • Treated Natives fairly
    • Extended rights to women
    • Religious toleration and freedom
43
Q

Mercantilism

A
  • An economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries
    ○ The ultimate goal was to become self-sufficient so that the nation did not have to depend on other countries for goods
44
Q

Triangle trade

A

A pattern of colonial commerce connecting 3 regions and crossing the Atlantic Ocean

45
Q

The Navigation Acts

A

○ Trade carried only on English/colonial ships
○ Trade had to pass through English ports
○ Certain enumerated goods from the colonies could be exported only to England
- Smuggling became a problem

46
Q

The Slave Trade

A

10-15 million people were taken from Africa and sold to the Americas

47
Q

The Middle Passage

A
  • Put as many people as they could into the cargo department
  • 1619: First British ship carried 20 Africans to Jamestown
  • Over 350 years -> 36,000 slaves ships crossed the Atlantic
  • For every 100 slaves captured, 40 died before they reached the New World
48
Q

The South and Slavery

A
  • First Africans were used as indentured servants
  • The South was based on cash crops -> needed cheap labor
  • Preferred African workers to Europeans servants
  • White servants could run away and blend in, while Africans could not
  • Less expensive to maintain than indentured servants
49
Q

The Virginia Law of 1662

A
  • “All children borne in the country shall be held bond or free according to the condition of the mother”
  • Black motherhood for slaves became a legal curse
  • Slave women were valued for their work and ability to produce children -> more enslaved children, more free labor
  • Chattel slavery: Creating slaves through childbirth
50
Q

The economic issue of slavery

A

The South’s economy depended on slavery and free labor to continue harvesting cash crops

51
Q

The political issue of slavery

A

The issue of counting slaves as a part of the population for representation in government

52
Q

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

A
  • First real attempt of unity between the colonies
  • Colonies feared if they all united, they would lose their privileges from their states
  • Plan fails -> lack of unity
  • After the French and Indian War, the taxes passed by Britain begin to unite the colonies as they have one common issue
53
Q

Treaty of Paris (1763) - what each country got/lost

A
  • France: lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
  • Spain: got all French lands west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans
  • England: got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade and commercial dominance in India
54
Q

Britain’s colonial policies before the French and Indian War

A
  • Goal: Trade
  • Navigation Acts not enforced
  • Salutary neglect
  • No British troops stationed
55
Q

Britain’s colonial policies after the French and Indian War

A
  • Goal: Revenue
  • Navigation Acts enforced
  • No salutary neglect
  • British troops stationed
56
Q

Immediate effects of the French and Indian War

A

Tension between the colonies and Britain over trade, taxation, and troops

57
Q

Long-term effects of the French and Indian War

A

The American Revolution

58
Q

Effects of the French and Indian War on the colonies

A
  • It united them against a common enemy for the first time
  • It created a socializing experience for all the colonists who participated
  • It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify
  • Happy with their contributions
  • Wanted access to new frontier (Ohio River Valley)
59
Q

The Sugar Act (1764)

A

Imposed taxes on sugar, molasses, and other products that were imported

60
Q

The Quartering Act (1765)

A
  • Required the colonists to provide food, shelter, and other supplies to British soldiers stationed in the colonies
  • Intended to help defray the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies and to ensure that the soldiers were properly cared for
61
Q

The Stamp Act (1765)

A

Imposed a tax on all printed materials, including newspapers, legal documents, and even playing cards

62
Q

The Townshend Acts (1767)

A

Imposed taxes on a variety of imported goods, including glass, lead, paint, and tea

63
Q

The Tea Act (1773)

A
  • Granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies and lowered the price of tea
  • Led to the Boston Tea Party
64
Q

“No taxation without representation”

A
  • widely used by colonists to protest against British taxes and policies
  • it was based on the idea that the colonists should not be taxed by the British government unless they had representatives in Parliament who could advocate on their behalf
65
Q

The nonimportation agreement

A

a boycott of British goods, such as wool and linen, that was implemented by the colonists as a way to protest British policies

66
Q

First Continential Congress

A
  • Philadelphia 1774
  • the colonists discussed ways to solve their grievances and petitioned Parliament
  • Created a colony-wide Committee of Correspondence and sent a polite letter to King George III explaining their dissatisfaction, emphasizing their loyalty
67
Q

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

A
  • Argued for American independence from British rule, not reconciliation
  • the British government was too distant and unresponsive to the needs of the colonists
  • the British monarchy was corrupt and tyrannical
  • the colonies were capable of governing themselves
68
Q

The Declaration of Independence

A
  • The colonies’ formal declaration of independence from Britain
  • Explained their grievances against Britain and why they were separating
  • Included concepts like natural rights, consent of the governed, and right to revolt
69
Q

Important battles of the Revolution

A
  • Battle of Lexington and Concord: Beginning of the war
  • Battle of Trenton: Caught the Hessians by surprise; brought hope to the Patriots
  • Battle of Saratoga: French join the American cause; turning point in the war
  • Battle of Yorktown: British surrender, ending the war
70
Q

Treaty of Paris (1783)

A
  • recognized the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the United States
  • set the boundaries between the newly independent nation and British North America (Mississippi River - western boundary of USA)
  • marked the first time that a colony had successfully rebelled against its European colonial power and established its independence
71
Q

Republican motherhood

A

the idea that gave women more purpose to educate and nurture the future of America

72
Q

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

A
  • One branch, one house, one vote
  • No power to levy or collect taxes
  • no power to regulate foreign trade
  • no power to enforce laws
  • Approval of 9/13 states was needed to enact laws
  • 13/13 states needed to approve amendments to the Articles
  • No executive or judicial branch
73
Q

Strengths of the Articles of Confederation

A
  • Land Ordinance of 1785: allowed the federal government to sell western lands to pay off the national debt and organize these new lands into townships and public schools
  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787: set a process for new states to join the United States of America, ensuring the country would continue to grow
74
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A
  • a series of armed protests that occurred in Massachusetts between 1786 and 1787, led by a veteran of the Revolutionary War, Daniel Shays
  • The rebellion was sparked by economic grievances, particularly by the heavy debt and high taxes faced by farmers and smallholders in the state
  • Revealed the weaknesses of the Articles and a need for a new form of government
75
Q

The Federalist Papers

A
  • 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
  • Favored the Constitution (Anti-federalists opposed it and favored the Articles)
  • explained the features of the proposed Constitution and sought to persuade the citizens of New York to ratify it
76
Q

The Bill of Rights

A
  • Written by James Madison
  • First 10 amendments added to the Constitution
  • tipped the balance because it satisfied the antifederalists’ concern that a federal government could infringe on citizens’ rights
77
Q

Judiciary Act of 1789

A

Set the number of justices on the Supreme Court as well established the district and appellate courts

78
Q

Hamilton’s financial plan

A
  • US government would take on the responsibility of paying the remaining state debts. US promised to fund its foreign and domestic obligations at full face value.
  • Protect the young nation’s “infant” industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imported goods.
  • Create a national bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable US currency.
79
Q

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

A
  • Farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania protested harshly against the whiskey tax, which was the government’s primary source of money
  • President Washington sent a militia to western Pennsylvania and squashed the uprising
  • Federalists supported this action, while Antifederalists hated it
80
Q

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A

kept America out of the French Revolution and gave the U.S. time to build its nation

81
Q

Jay’s Treaty (1794)

A
  • Britain was violating the Treaty of Paris by impressing American ships and sailing along the northern border
  • Washington sent John Jay to London to negotiate
  • Britain rejected the neutral rights and they would continue to search American vessels on the high seas
  • There would be no compensation for ships confiscated until American debt to Britain was paid off
82
Q

Federalists (beliefs)

A
  • Led by Alexander Hamilton
  • Favored strong, central govt and central power
  • Favored industrialized and manufacturing economy
83
Q

Democratic-Republicans (beliefs)

A
  • Led by Thomas Jefferson
  • Favored weaker central govt and stronger state govts
  • Favored farming and agriculture
84
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address

A
  • Stay out of foreign alliances
  • Not to get involved in political affairs
  • Not to form political parties
  • Set the precedent for two-term presidency
85
Q

XYZ Affair (1797)

A
  • France was angry over Jay’s Treaty and began to seize American ships
  • Adams sent three American diplomats to France to negotiate
  • France had deployed three secret diplomats, named X, Y, and Z, to the talks
  • Wanted expensive bribe money from the Americans for the mere opportunity to talk with France
  • Negotiations quickly failed, and the Americans returned home
86
Q

Quasi War crisis (1798-1800)

A
  • Unofficial fighting with France
  • No official and prolonged war took place
87
Q

Alien Act (1798)

A
  • slowed the naturalization process
  • Allowed the president to deport immigrants deemed dangerous
  • Extended time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years
  • Stopped immigrants from voting for Democratic Republicans
88
Q

Sedition Act (1798)

A
  • Criminal offense to criticize the government
  • Restricted free speech
89
Q

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

A
  • The right to nullify -> States have the right to void any act of Congress they believe to be unconstitutional
  • Did not pass

AP US History (10 decks)

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