topic two Flashcards
which of the domains included in the prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
which of the domains are included in Eurkaryotes
the Eukarya
how do you identify the eukaryotes groups
- cells have a true nucleus
- has membrane bounded organelles
- can be multicellular or unicellular
- includes plant, anima, protist, and fungi group
How do you identify the Prkaryotes
- lack a true nucleus
- lacks membrane bound organelles
- mostly single celled
What are the common things between the two groups (prokaryotes and eurkaryotes)
both contain soem form of DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribsomes
coccus (cocci)
cells that is circular shaped
Bacillus (bacilli)
cells that are broad shaped
spiral (spirals)
cells that are spiraled shaped
strephto
a chain of the different shaped cells
Tetrad
a clump of four cells
Sarcinae
a clump of eight cells
Staphylo
a cluster of the same shaped cell
what is a capsule
is a polypeptide layer that covers a prokaryotes and sits on top of the cell wall. enhances the protection of the cell and helps avoid engulfment
what are fimbriae
hair like strucutres that let the cell stick and attach to surfaces or other individuals or other colonies
what are pili
A structure on the outside of the cell that allows the cell to glide and attach to the surfaces.
What is a conjugation pili
a type of pili that attach different cell to each other that allows for DNA transfer to each other
What is the prokaryotic cell wall structure
- are made of peptidoglycan
- forms a rigid structure
- helps maintain the cells structure
- prevents the cell to react to different tonicities of solutions
- allows use to determine if a cell if gram negative or gram positive
What makes a bacteria cell to be gram postive
the presence of the peptidoglycan layer (a thick layer of the this feature) and lacks an outer membrane
What makes a bacteria cell to be gram negative
when a cell contains a thinner layer of peptidoglycan that is covered by an outer membrane
what is the cell wall Eukaryotes
is made of different compounds
what is the internal organelles of a prokaryote
- they lack membrane bound organelles but have specialized membranes that preform specific functions
What is the internal organelles like Eurkaryote
- they contain many membrane organelles that have specialized functions
What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosomes
70S size (is smaller in size because the subunits of the ribosomes are all together smaller)
What are the size of eurkaryotic ribosomes
They are 80s size
what structures of the prokaryote helps it with mobility
- has a flagella that acts like a motor to move the cell (usually will contain multiple)
- has a hallow structure and assembled in a spiral staircase
- the flagella will rotate to form a run or tumble
Taxis
the process of bacteria moving towards or away from a stimuli
Magnetotaxis
when a cell is attracted or repuled by movements in its external environment
Chemotaxis
when a cell is attracted or repulsed by a chemical in the evironment
phototaxis
When a cell is attracted or repulsed by the presence of light
What is the structure of Flagella in eukaryotes
- has a 9 + 2 structure (9 microtubles and 2 microtubles in the middle)
- moves in a wave like motion
- microtubles are wrapped in a plasma membrane
what is the DNA structure in prokaryotes
- has a nucleoid region where all the genetic information in one spot
- double stranded piece of DNA
- has one circular supercoiled chromosomes
- will sometimes have an extra chromosome
- plasmids are found in addition to the DNA circle in the nucleoid region
- DNA replicates independently
What is the benifit of plasmids
they make DNA transfer easy between cells
What is the DNA structure in eukaryotes
- has double stranded strands that are wineded up around histones
- DNA is connected by base pairs with hydrogen bonds
- chromosomes hold the genes
- All the DNA information is contained within the nucleus
- Additional DNA is found in the mitochondria and the chloroplasts
How is eukaryotic DNA packaged
- starts as a double helix
- that helix is then wrapped around histones
- then those histones are wrapped up to form a thick fiber
- these fibers are folded and wrapped to form a chromosomes
What is the process of cell division in prokaryotes
binary fission: reproduces of another offspring cells generally identical
- plasmids replicate independent of a chromosome
- cells will double in size then divide
- cell will not reproduce if the cell conditions are no good
what is the process of cell in Eurkaryotes
mitosis
How is genetic diversity in prokaryotes
- genetic diversity in prokaryotes is done through mutations and genetic recombination
- genetic recombination is done through
-transformation
- transduction
- conjugation
conjugation
- a method a gene transfer where DNA is transferred from one cell to the next through a connect channel (requires close connect: plasmid are transfer)
- a single complementary strand is transferred and copied to make a whole plasmid
Transduction
- a form of gene transfer where phage attaches to the cell and injects its DNA into the host cell
Transformation
when a cell leaves its DNA information in the environment and it is picked up by neighboring cells