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topic two Flashcards

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1
Q

which of the domains included in the prokaryotes

A

archaea and bacteria

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2
Q

which of the domains are included in Eurkaryotes

A

the Eukarya

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3
Q

how do you identify the eukaryotes groups

A
  • cells have a true nucleus
  • has membrane bounded organelles
  • can be multicellular or unicellular
  • includes plant, anima, protist, and fungi group
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4
Q

How do you identify the Prkaryotes

A
  • lack a true nucleus
  • lacks membrane bound organelles
  • mostly single celled
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5
Q

What are the common things between the two groups (prokaryotes and eurkaryotes)

A

both contain soem form of DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribsomes

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6
Q

coccus (cocci)

A

cells that is circular shaped

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7
Q

Bacillus (bacilli)

A

cells that are broad shaped

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8
Q

spiral (spirals)

A

cells that are spiraled shaped

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9
Q

strephto

A

a chain of the different shaped cells

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10
Q

Tetrad

A

a clump of four cells

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11
Q

Sarcinae

A

a clump of eight cells

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12
Q

Staphylo

A

a cluster of the same shaped cell

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13
Q

what is a capsule

A

is a polypeptide layer that covers a prokaryotes and sits on top of the cell wall. enhances the protection of the cell and helps avoid engulfment

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14
Q

what are fimbriae

A

hair like strucutres that let the cell stick and attach to surfaces or other individuals or other colonies

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15
Q

what are pili

A

A structure on the outside of the cell that allows the cell to glide and attach to the surfaces.

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16
Q

What is a conjugation pili

A

a type of pili that attach different cell to each other that allows for DNA transfer to each other

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17
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall structure

A
  • are made of peptidoglycan
  • forms a rigid structure
  • helps maintain the cells structure
  • prevents the cell to react to different tonicities of solutions
  • allows use to determine if a cell if gram negative or gram positive
18
Q

What makes a bacteria cell to be gram postive

A

the presence of the peptidoglycan layer (a thick layer of the this feature) and lacks an outer membrane

19
Q

What makes a bacteria cell to be gram negative

A

when a cell contains a thinner layer of peptidoglycan that is covered by an outer membrane

20
Q

what is the cell wall Eukaryotes

A

is made of different compounds

21
Q

what is the internal organelles of a prokaryote

A
  • they lack membrane bound organelles but have specialized membranes that preform specific functions
22
Q

What is the internal organelles like Eurkaryote

A
  • they contain many membrane organelles that have specialized functions
23
Q

What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S size (is smaller in size because the subunits of the ribosomes are all together smaller)

24
Q

What are the size of eurkaryotic ribosomes

A

They are 80s size

25
Q

what structures of the prokaryote helps it with mobility

A
  • has a flagella that acts like a motor to move the cell (usually will contain multiple)
  • has a hallow structure and assembled in a spiral staircase
  • the flagella will rotate to form a run or tumble
26
Q

Taxis

A

the process of bacteria moving towards or away from a stimuli

27
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

when a cell is attracted or repuled by movements in its external environment

28
Q

Chemotaxis

A

when a cell is attracted or repulsed by a chemical in the evironment

29
Q

phototaxis

A

When a cell is attracted or repulsed by the presence of light

30
Q

What is the structure of Flagella in eukaryotes

A
  • has a 9 + 2 structure (9 microtubles and 2 microtubles in the middle)
  • moves in a wave like motion
  • microtubles are wrapped in a plasma membrane
31
Q

what is the DNA structure in prokaryotes

A
  • has a nucleoid region where all the genetic information in one spot
  • double stranded piece of DNA
  • has one circular supercoiled chromosomes
  • will sometimes have an extra chromosome
  • plasmids are found in addition to the DNA circle in the nucleoid region
  • DNA replicates independently
32
Q

What is the benifit of plasmids

A

they make DNA transfer easy between cells

33
Q

What is the DNA structure in eukaryotes

A
  • has double stranded strands that are wineded up around histones
  • DNA is connected by base pairs with hydrogen bonds
  • chromosomes hold the genes
  • All the DNA information is contained within the nucleus
  • Additional DNA is found in the mitochondria and the chloroplasts
34
Q

How is eukaryotic DNA packaged

A
  • starts as a double helix
  • that helix is then wrapped around histones
  • then those histones are wrapped up to form a thick fiber
  • these fibers are folded and wrapped to form a chromosomes
35
Q

What is the process of cell division in prokaryotes

A

binary fission: reproduces of another offspring cells generally identical
- plasmids replicate independent of a chromosome
- cells will double in size then divide
- cell will not reproduce if the cell conditions are no good

36
Q

what is the process of cell in Eurkaryotes

A

mitosis

37
Q

How is genetic diversity in prokaryotes

A
  • genetic diversity in prokaryotes is done through mutations and genetic recombination
  • genetic recombination is done through
    -transformation
    - transduction
    - conjugation
38
Q

conjugation

A
  • a method a gene transfer where DNA is transferred from one cell to the next through a connect channel (requires close connect: plasmid are transfer)
  • a single complementary strand is transferred and copied to make a whole plasmid
39
Q

Transduction

A
  • a form of gene transfer where phage attaches to the cell and injects its DNA into the host cell
40
Q

Transformation

A

when a cell leaves its DNA information in the environment and it is picked up by neighboring cells

Biology 101 (11 decks)

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