Topic Four Continued

Question 1

What is genetic engineering

Answer 1

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Question 2

What is cloning

Answer 2

The process of making copies of things so that they are genetically identical (in this case they must make a lot of copies of the new molecules, cells, or organisms

Question 3

What is artificial selection

Answer 3

A naturally occurring microbe that produces desired product

Question 4

What are restriction enzymes

Answer 4

are enzymes that that cut specific sequences of DNA, destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells,

Question 5

What is the purpose of methylated

Answer 5

An enzyme that covers the DNA of an organism to protect the DNA

Question 6

What is the purpose of DNA cloning

Answer 6

To generate large amounts of pure DNA that can be manipulated and studied

Question 7

What is the process of cloning DNA

Answer 7

1. The DNA must be isolated from the organism
2. Copies of one gene is created by amplifying the gene of interest in the PCR
3. The restricted enzymes then cut the plasmid where the gene of interest is inserted and joined
4. Then insert the new DNA combination into a cloning vectors to create a recombinant DNA molecule
   (Cloning vector is considered to be a host)
5. The host will make replicate and make copies

Question 8

What is the job of DNA ligase

Answer 8

Is it an enzyme that is used to fill the gaps during the ligating stage

Question 9

What are the results of restriction enzymes

Answer 9

They produce blunt ends or sticky/overhanging staggered ends

Question 10

In an overhanging end, what are the two different options

Answer 10

• 5’ overhanging: the uneven cut resulted the less amount of base pairs on the 5’ strand side on the parent strand
  -3’ overhanging: the same thing as above but on the 3’ end

Question 11

What happens on a blunt end cut

Answer 11

The cut happens and there is an equal amount of base pairs on both the 5’ and the 3’ end

Question 12

What is an palindromic sequence

Answer 12

The sequence that is coded the exact same forward and backwards on both strands
- there is only a few sequences that are palindromic
- the restriction enzymes can cut amount these sequences

Question 13

What is the process of naming these enzymes

Answer 13

• first bit: genus
• second bit: species
• third bit: strain
• Tue number: the order of identification in the bacterium

Question 14

Which one of the two types of results from the restriction cutting is more beneficial

Answer 14

The overhanging ends are more useful since the do not require adapters to connect the DNA strands together

Question 15

What is the process of restriction enzymes in making recombinant DNA molecules

Answer 15

1. The restriction enzymes will cut amount the palindromic sequence on the DNA strand
2. With these enzyme cuts, DNA fragments are produced with overhanging ends
3. When two fragments of DNA are cut by the same restriction enzyme they come together and join by base pairing
4. These new lines of DNA sequences will the form a new shape, and the DNA ligase is used to unite the backbones of the two DNA fragments therefore producing a molecule of combining DNA

Question 16

What are cloning vectors

Answer 16

They are:
- recombinant DNA molecules
- introduce foreign DNA into a host cell
- are typically self-replicating in large quantities

Question 17

Which structures and species are commonly use vectors

Answer 17

• plasmids
• viruses

Question 18

What is the polymerase chain reaction known as

Answer 18

Is thought of as the photocopy mechine

Question 19

What is the job of the polymerase chain reaction

Answer 19

It is used to make multiple copies of a piece of DNA enzymatically

Used to:
- amplify DNA to detectable levels
- clone a gene
- sequence DNA
- diagnose genetic diesease

Question 20

What are the components needed to do the PCR reaction

Answer 20

• DNA sample
• primers
• nucleotides
• TAQ polymerase
• mix buffer
• PCR tub
  -thermal cycler

Question 21

What is the PCR process

Answer 21

1. strands separate
2. Primers bind template
3. Synthesis new strand

Question 22

In electrophoresis how does the DNA move

Answer 22

DNA moves based on size and charge (the smaller the fragment moves the furthest)

Question 23

What is the job of the TAQ polymerses in the one cycle PCR

Answer 23

When the strand is heated a second time in this process, the polymerase attach to the 3’ end and extends both of the strand s

Question 24

What is thermus Aquaticus

Answer 24

They have DNA polymerses that are heat resistant and used TAQ polymerses