Topic 8: Animals

Question 1

What domain is eukaryotes

Answer 1

Eukaryotes fall into the Eukarya domain

Question 2

What is the main feature of the Eukarya kingdom

Answer 2

their cells contain a nucleus

Question 3

What are the six supergroups of Eukarya

Answer 3

• Archaeplastida
• amoebozoa
• Opisthokonta
• Rhizaria
  -Chromoalveolata
• Excavata

Question 4

What are Choanoflagellates

Answer 4

They are flagellated unicellular protozoa that have a common ancestor of an animal
- these species are found in the opisthokonta

Question 5

What is the definition of an animal

Answer 5

species that are multicellular and heterotrophic eukaryotes that cells contain cell walls, their systems contains nervous and muscle tissue, and has a unique patterns of cell divisions to form fertilized eggs

Question 6

What does heterotrophic mean in regards to the definition of animals

Answer 6

means that they can’t generate organic molecules from inorganic carbon (these species feed through ingestion)

Question 7

What are the different factors that are considered in phylogeny

Answer 7

• Anatomy and morphology (the build of the body of a species)
• Comparative embryology (the patterns of development after fertilization)
• molecular systematics (the comparison of DNA sequences)

Question 8

What domain of life do Animals fall under

Answer 8

Eukaryotic

Question 9

what is the closet related ancestor of Animals

Answer 9

Choanoflagellates: a type of flagellated unicellular protozoa

Question 10

What are the 6 supergroups of the eukarya domain

Answer 10

• amoebozoa
• Opisthokonta
• Rhizaria
• Excavata
• Chromalveolata
• Archaeplastida

Question 11

What supergroups within the Eukarya domain are animals found in

Answer 11

They are found in the Opisthokonta

Question 12

How are animals defined

Answer 12

• multicellular and heterotrophic eukaryotes
• lack cell walls
• in terms of energy and carbon, we are chemoorganoheterotrophs (means these species gets there energy from organic molecules and needs organic carbon as a carbon source for growth)
• these species have a nervous and muscle tissue
• Have unique patterns of cell division from a fertilized egg

Question 13

What is the definition of Parazoa

Answer 13

a groups that exists beside animals that lacks true tissues

Question 14

What are the two groups the paraozoa include

Answer 14

phylum porifera (sponges) and the Ctenophora ( comb jellies)

Question 15

what is the purpose of the flagella on the structure of chanoflagellates and sponge chanocyte cells

Answer 15

• it draws water through the tissues so nutrients and waste can be removed

Question 16

What are the characterisitics of the Phylum Porifera (or the sponges)

Answer 16

• this species are stationary
• they contain a single layer of cells on the epidermis
• allows for water flow from outside the structure to inside (moves through porocytes)
• has choanocytes (is a structure that is used to trap food and engulf it) that are used for cellular feeding
• the space between the outside epidermis layer and the spongocoel (internal cavity) layer is filled with mesophyl
• these species are assymmetrical
• they lack tissues

Question 17

What are characterisitic of Ctenophora

Answer 17

• they are radically symmetrical and are diploblastic

Question 18

What are the charatcerisitics of Cindaria

Answer 18

• these species are jellies
• they are diploblastic
• they have a simple nervous system and no brain
• has a central digestive cavity and single opening that works both as an anus and a mouth
• these species can be both motile or stationary
• is capable of doing both sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 19

What is the structure of something that is a diploblast

Answer 19

• this is a cell that has two layers
• has an ectoderm outer layer that surrounds a non-living layer which surrounds an ectoderm layer

Question 20

What is the structure of a triploblast

Answer 20

• Cell structure that that has three layers
• has a outer ectoderm (produces the outer covering for the nervous system) that surrounds a mesoderm (produces the muscles and contributes to some organ) layer that surrounds an endoderm layer (produces the outer covering and the nervous system)

Question 21

What are characterisitics of Eumetazoa

Answer 21

• these are species that develop two or three germ layers early in develop
• these germ layers are composed of primary cell layers
• these species are the diploblastic or triploblastic animals that are radically symmetrical and billaterally symmetrical

Question 22

What are the stages of development of an Bastula to a Gastrula

Answer 22

1) A bastula is formed from a single layer of cells that are arranged in a sphere (this contains blastocoel and ectoderm
2) This then developed to form a layer of endoderm
- this development also forms a blastopore (the mouth and anus opening) and the archenteron (the digestive cavity)

Question 23

What are the characterisitics of Phylum Acoela

Answer 23

• these are a worm like species that has triploblastic structure without a coelom (a true body cavity)
• most common in marine settings