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Biology 101 > Tooic Five > Flashcards

Tooic Five Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of virus

A
  • obligate intercellular parasites (require loving hosts cells to multiply)
  • are very small and are genetic simplicity
  • contain either DNA or RNA (one or the other never both)
  • no ribosomes
  • No ATP- generating mechanism
  • replication involves disassembly and reassembly
  • has a host range ( can infect only specific types of cells in a limited set of species)
  • are very small in size
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2
Q

How are viruses catagorized

A

They determined by the host attachment sites and cellular factors

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3
Q

What is the basic viral core structure

A
  • contain either DNA or RNA
  • is either single or double stranded
  • is a continuous or segmented molecule
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4
Q

What is the external coating in the basic viral structure

A
  • has a capsid
  • some contains envelopes and others do not
  • some contain spikes
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5
Q

On a virus cells what is the capsid

A

A feature on the external structure that a protein coat made of capsomers

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6
Q

What is the function of the envelope on the outside of the virus external coatings

A

They are a coating on the outside of some virus’s
- ones that do not have this feature are considered naked viruses

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7
Q

What are the functions of spikes on the external coating of the virus structures

A

They are projections from outer surfaces that allows for determination for which tissues to infect (the spikes allows the the cell to be accepted by the tissues)

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8
Q

What is the lyric cycle process

A
  1. Phage binds to the bacterium
  2. The phage then puts its DNA into the host cell
  3. The host DNA is digested
  4. Phage DNA replicates
  5. The host cell transcribes and translates the phage DNA -and produces phage proteins
  6. Assembly of new phages is complete and lysis is caused by a encoded enzyme
  7. The new phages are then released to start the cycle again
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9
Q

What is the process of the lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Phage bonds to the bacterium
  2. The phage DNA enter the host cell 3. The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes a prophage
  3. The prophage is then replicated as part of the bacterial chromosome and continues to go through cell divisions
  4. The prophage may separate from the chromosome and the cell will go through the lyric cycle
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10
Q

What is the result of the lyric cycle

A

-The phage causes lysis and death to the host cell
- produces the production of new phages

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11
Q

What is the result of the lysogenic cycle

A
  • The phage DNA is incorporated into the host DNA or will cause the cell to enter the lyric cycle instead
  • ## this cycle only happens with temperate phage only
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12
Q

How is there defense againest phages

A
  • receptor modification: changes so the same phage can not keep binding
    (This can be done by sugars changing on the outside of the receptors)
  • denfense mechanisms
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13
Q

What’s is a epidemic

A

Are seasonal infections outbreaks and can only happen within in certain environments

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14
Q

What is a pandemic

A

When multiple places across the world can be infected at the same time

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15
Q

What type of virus is influenza

A

It is a DNA virus

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16
Q

What is the structure of the influenza virus

A
  • chromosomes are segmented and are usually found in 8 different chromosomes strands
  • has different external proteins (h proteins and N proteins)
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17
Q

What is the importance of the H proteins on the influenza virus

A

Is important for attaching to the host cell

18
Q

What is the importance of the N proteins

A

Important for exiting the host cell

19
Q

What is the lifecycle of the influenza virus

A
  1. The virus lands on the outside of the host cell where the H proteins are used to be picked up
  2. They unpack their DNA
  3. They use the host cell to replicate the DNA
  4. They then reform and exit the host cell using the N proteins
  5. Multiple influenza cells are now created
20
Q

What is antigenic drift

A

Are a result of a minor mutations to the N or H mutations which leads to a gradual change

21
Q

What is the result of a antigenic drift

A

This point mutations result in epidemics

22
Q

What are antigenic shifts

A

This process causes a reassortment of genes
- this is the result of chromosomes from two different cells mixing

23
Q

What is the result of the antigenic shifts

A

They cause pandemics and usually only occur in influenza type A
( occurs when two different virus infect the same host and there DNA is mixed together when reforming and a new type is created)

24
Q

What type of virus is HIV

A

This virus type is a retrovirus that is RNA based

25
Q

What is the unique feature of the HIV virus

A

When it injects the a DNA host cell it then does backward transcription to produce DNA from its RNA where the DNA of the host cell take in the new DNA into its own genome

26
Q

What is a provirus

A

A virus that’s DNA is inserted into a regular cells genome

27
Q

What type of virus are the coronavirus

A

They are RNA viruses and is a positive sense virus

28
Q

What is the structure of the coronavirus

A
  • is surrounded by an envelope (this feature allows the cells to be least resistant to health controls)
  • has spike proteins that are used to bind to the host cells (allows them to be bonded to the ACE-2 receptors in the lungs)
29
Q

Which domain are the fungi found in

A

Eukaryotic

30
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi

A
  • they are chemoheterotrophic eurekaryotes ( decomposes)
  • there cell wall is made of chitin
  • they reproduce through spore production
  • grow better in low moisture and higher pressure environments
  • metabolize complex carbohydrates
  • they cycle nutrients
31
Q

What are the two categories of fungi

A
  • yeasts
  • fungi’s
32
Q

What is the structure of yeasts

A
  • unicellular
  • non-filamentous fungi
  • divide asymmetrically
  • reproduce asexually ( create a new bud when they are pinched off by the parents cells)
33
Q

What are the structures of molds

A
  • are multicellular
  • has a fungal body that is known as mycelium
  • mycelium is a collective mass of hyphae
  • has different types of hyphae that collect different functions
34
Q

What is the structure of a spore of fungi

A
  • the sporangium is a sac of that contains many individual spores
  • conidium are the individual spores that are found in the sporangium
  • Arial hyphae grows above the surface
  • vegetative hyphae grows below the surface of the media and absorbs nutrients
35
Q

How does fungal nutrition happen

A

The mycelium maximizes it’s surface area to volume ration the increase it’s ability to absorb nutrients and sends out enzymes to absorb. The digested molecules

36
Q

What are the 5 groups that fungi are broken up into

A
  • chytridiomycota
  • zygomycota
  • glomeromycota
  • ascomycota
  • badidiomycota
37
Q

What are the characteristics of chytridiomycota

A
  • are usually found in aquatic environments
  • can be decomposers, parasites, or muralists
  • they have flagellates spores (zoospores)
  • one of the first fungi that evolved
  • leads to the death of many diffferent amphibians because of the flagellated spores by servreing the skin and infecting it
38
Q

What are the characteristics of Zygomycota

A
  • uses simple simple sugars which allows for a quick process
  • are coenocytic: the lack depredations between the nucleus in the hyphae
  • are poor competitors
  • are commonly found in soil
39
Q

What are characteristics of glomeromycota

A
  • forms mutualisms with land plants this is done through mycorrhizae (associates with the roots of the plants and fungi)
  • forms structures called arbuscules (branches hypha) that are the site for exchange of nutrients and phosphate
  • this muralist relationship allows for the fungus to receive fixed carbon in the form of hacker sugars from the plants
40
Q

What are the characteristics of ascomycota

A
  • has a sac full of spores
  • likes to grow as a carbon source and produces toxins
  • can be found in various environments (soil to human body)
  • two examples:
  • aspergillus: a type of ascomycota that can cause cancer when digested
  • penicillium: a type of ascomycota that produces penicillin
41
Q

What’s are the characteristics of basidiomycota

A
  • produces a cube like structure called basidium where spires form
  • some of these groups are photosynthetic and others are Cyanobacteria or algae
  • these groups can can come in a wide variety of either mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, plant parasites, muralists, and decomposers

Biology 101 (11 decks)

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