Topic One Flashcards
Define skills
Skills are learned abilities that athletes perform effectively and efficiently and that are acquired through training and practice
What does an athlete need to be able to produce a skilled performance
TACK
Kinaesthetic sense- the feel when it comes when performing. An experienced athlete will know what it feels like to perform correctly
Anticipation- a skilled performer may be able to predict in certain situations in competitive situations.
Consistency - skilled performers have more consistency than unskilled performers.
Technique - perfecting skills give athletes the opportunity to produce skilled performance
How do you identify a skilled performance?
aceface
Accurate
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Aesthetically pleasing
Controlled
Economical- doesn’t waste energy
Give some examples of environmental stimuli?
Other people
Terrain
Weather
Situation
What are open skills?
Open skills have no definite start or end and occur in a changing environment. Movement pattern must suit the situation and is affected by the environment. It has no definite beginning and end.
They occur when performers have to adapt their skills to the environment and are usually externally paced
eg a football player receiving a pass
What are closed skills?
These are skills where the movement pattern does not change usually in an internally paced. Usually have a definite start and end and are not effected by the environment.
They are usually self paced and occur in fixed or unpredictable environments
eg a shot putter throwing a shot put
What are self paced skills?
Self paced skills are controlled by a performer. The performer decides when to execute the skill.
Eg a javelin throwing deciding when to launch the javelin
What are externally paced skills?
They are skills that change in response to changes in their environment like a reacting to the opposition in a football match.
Eg a centre closes down on a forward during football and then a decision has to be made by the forward on whether to shoot or pass
What are gross skills?
Gross skills involve large muscle movements which are not very precise and include many fundamental movements such as walking and jumping.
Eg burpees are a gross skill
What are fine skills?
Fine skills involve intricate, precise movements using small muscle groups and generally involve excellent levels of hand eye coordination.
Eg potting a ball in snooke
What are skills?
Skills are learned when they are mastered and completed in a way that looks easy with flawless technique and on a consistent basis. Skills can be mastered by combining ability with knowledge
What are the four types of skill in sport?
Perceptual- involves processing information such as the environment surrounding the athlete.
Cognitive- involves understanding of the vital components of sport
Motor- involves movement
Psychomotor- requires the use of cognitive function as well as movement
What are abilities?
They are the natural, inherited awareness to do something
What are the stages of learning?
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What are the characteristics of someone at the cognitive stage of learning ?
Require step by step instructions
No consistency
Skill performed slowly with lots of errors- no accuracy
Need lots of feedback and demonstration - extrinsic feedback helps progression
Not confident
whole part whole practice useful
What are the characteristics of someone at the autonomous stage of learning ?
performer is consistent and effective,
they perform skills with consistency and accuracy
concentrate on complex tasks and information
able to adapt their performance.
Effortless
Motor programme of skill is stored in athletes long term memory
Effectively respond to situation
What are the characteristics of someone at the associative stage of learning ?
Will become more confident
More consistent than cognitive
Fewer mistakes
Can understand more complex information and use internal feedback
Part practice useful here
What are the types of skills?
Psychomotor
Perceptual
Cognitive
Motor
What are motor skills?
This skill involves movement whether it be a gross motor skill or fine motor skill
What are psychomotor skills?
This skill requires the use of cognitive function and combines all skills. They use existing knowledge and perceptions to make a decision on the movement they use.
What are perceptual skills?
These involve processing information surrounding the athlete like the environment to make effective descriptions.
What are cognitive skills?
This skill involves the understandings of the vital components of sport.
eg looking at the time left in a basketball match and the scoring difference to decide on how to play the remainder
What is whole practice?
the skill is practiced in its entirety
what is whole part whole practice?
skill is first practiced in its entirety and then broken down and practiced in smaller sub parts
what is part practice?
is when different parts of the skill are practiced in isolation to one and other
what are the types of practice?
Massed- long steady continuous trainign without any breaks
Fixed- specific movement pattern that is practiced repeatedly in the same stable environment
Variable- skills are practiced in different environments allowing skills to be adapted and developed in changing environments.
Distributed- learning is broken down into smaller sections followed by recovery or rest
What is distributed practice?
learning is broken down into smaller sections followed by recovery or rest
eg a swimmer doing a 50m freestyle and then going to discuss with the coach
It is useful so that coaches can give feedback and allows for reflection
What is massed practice?
long steady continuous training without any breaks
athlete will practice the same skill over and over again. It simulates performance s fatigue will set in. Particularity useful in developing closed skills.
Eg a badminton player practicing a rally
What is fixed practice?
specific movement pattern that is practiced repeatedly in the same stable environment.
It allows movements to be memorised and become habitual. eg a shot putter throwing a shot put
What is varied?
skills are practiced in different environments allowing skills to be adapted and developed in changing environments. It allows the athlete to practice making the correct choices in changing conditions in response to external situations.
Useful in team sports
What are the principles of effective practice?
VPSMARTER
Varied
specific
measurable
progressive
Achievable
Realistic
Timed
Exciting
Recorded
Why is varied a part of the principles for effective practice?
You should include a range of different approaches in your training programme.
This will ensure that you remain motivated, which can lead to you giving 100% in every session and improving.
Why is progressive a part of the principles for effective practice?
It is important that sessions are progressed as the programme goes on.
This will ensure you are suitably challenged in each session, meaning your skill development will continue to improve and you will avoid hitting a
plateau
Sessions can be progressed by:
introducing opposition
increasing the level of opposition
performing the skill over a longer period of time
increasing the accuracy demands of the skill
Why is measurable a part of the principles for effective practice?
Each session should have a goal.
These goals should contain figures so it is easy to identify whether they have been achieved. They should be progressed in the following session to ensure progression continues
Why is achievable a part of the principles for effective practice?
Each of these short-term goals should be achievable.
Once these are achieved, you can gain confidence, gradually increasing the challenge of your goals in future sessions, attacking them with a positive mentality.
Why is realistic a part of the principles for effective practice?
Sessions must be as realistic to the game/sport that an athlete is training for. The approaches selected should make skill development as game-like as possible.
In team sports the session must mirror the actions that will be found in the game and not just doing things like gym work
Why is timed a part of the principles for effective practice?
The time spent training each week should be set to the correct level for that individual in terms of goals and stage of learning.
Why is recorded a part of principles of effective practice?
All session details should be recorded in a training diary.
This allows you to see how you are progressing, session on session, and means you have a note of how you felt each session went.
Doing this will enable you to monitor your progress, as you can make changes when something is not working.
Why is exciting a part of the principles for effective practice?
Sessions should be exciting and you should enjoy them and want to continue training.
This can be made exciting by having a training partner who you get along with or who is at a similar level to you to provide challenge in the end of a session game.
Why is specific a part of the principles for effective practice?
Approaches selected must complement the stage of learning a performer is at.
what are the types of feedback?
positive feedback;
negative feedback;
knowledge of results;
extrinsic feedback.
What is positive feedback?
It is used to encourage an athlete and inform them of what was correct
What is knowledge of results in terms of feedback?
Knowledge of Performance (KP) is a type of feedback in sport that focuses on the quality of movement or technique rather than just the outcome. It helps athletes understand how they performed a skill and what they can do to improve.
It is targeted guidance.
What is negative feedback?
Is used to inform athletes of what was incorrect. iT CAN BE HARMFUL WHEN VAUGE BUT WHEN GIVEN CONSTRUCTIVELY CAN HELP AID DEVELOPMENT.
What is extrinsic feedback?
Is feedback from other people it can be from coaches, spectators,
