Introduction Flashcards
Muscular skeletal system
What are the 3 main functions of the skeleton?
-Movement
-Support
-Protection
what ARE THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE?
-Long bone
-Shot bones
-Irregular bones
-Flat bones
What are long bones?
Bones that are longer than they are wide. They act as leavers for the body to allow for movement.
Eg radius, ulna and humorous
What are flat bones?
Flat bones are long and thin with their min function to provide a larger surface area to act as protection.
Eg sternum, cranium and pelvic bones
What are irregular bones?
Irregular bones vary in shape and often have a role in protection and muscle attachment.
Eg vertebrae and the sacrum
What are short bones?
Short bones are roughly boxed shape a generally have a similar length and width. They are designed to be weight bearing and generally don’t move much.
eg wrist carpals
Define joints
Joints occur were two or more bones meet
Define cartilage
Cartilage is a firm flexible elastic material that covers and protects the ends of long bones and access of padding between the vertebrae
Define tendon
Tendons are flexible and strong tissue that connect muscle to bone
Define ligaments
Ligaments connect bone to bone
Define synovial fluid
Synovial fluid is found in the cavities of joints and reduces to friction in the joints
What are the most common joints found in the body?
Synovial joints and they are also the most movable
What are the six examples of synovial joints
Ball and socket
Condyloid joints
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Saddle joint
Describe the movement flexion
Flexion is the bending of a limb at a joint so that the angle decreases
E.g. a basketball player decrease the angle of their elbow when shooting
Extension, describe the movement extension
Extension is the straightening of a limb at a joint so that the angle increases as the joint opens
E.g. a football player kicking a ball from the ground, straightening their knee to extend their leg
Describe the movement abduction
Abduction is the movement of a limb sideways from the middle of the body
Eg a gym mask doing a split on a floor routine
Describe the movement adduction
The movement of a limb sideways towards the middle of the body
E.g. returning the arms and legs to the middle of the body when performing a jumping jack
Describe the movement rotation
Rotation is the movement of a body part around a fixed joint in a circular motion
Eg the rotation of the shoulders and hips during a golf swing
Describe this movement circumduction
Circumduction is when a limb in a circle
Only occurs in ball in socket joints
Eg a cricket bowler use the circumduction to bowl a fast ball
Describe the movement Dorsi flexion
It occurs when the foot pins at the ankle that bring the toes towards the shin
E.g. long jumper will use with flexion to lead their heels to get the most out of that jump
Describe the movement Dorsi flexion
It occurs when the foot pins at the ankle that bring the toes towards the shin
E.g. long jumper will use with flexion to lead their heels to get the most out of that jump
Describe the movement plantarflexion
It is depending of the foot to point the toes away from the shin
Unique to the ankle joint
Eg by pointing their toes during a routine
Types of muscle found in the body
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
What are cardiac muscles?
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found in the heart
What are smooth muscles?
Smooth muscles are involuntary and are found on the lining of some organs
What are skeletal muscles?
They are muscles that are voluntary and are attached to the bones of the skeleton
What what are the three types of muscle fibres?
Type one - slow twitch fibres
Type 2a - fast twitch fibres
Type 2x - fast twitch fibre
Describe slow twitch fibres
Slow twitch fibres are slow to tire as they have mitochondria in each other cells. They can endure force for a longer period of time but cannot exert a high level of power.
E.g. long distance runners might use type one muscle fibres
Describe type lla fast muscle fibres
Fast twitch fibres have a high threshold and will be activated only when the forced demands are greater than the slow twitch fibres can meet they generate more force than type one fibres but fatigue faster
Strength and conditioning can increase the capacity of these fibres
Found in sports like GAA
Describe type llX fast twitch fibres
These fast twitch fibres can generate the most power and explosive movements when recruited these fibres are the fastest to go fatigue and therefore require the most time to recover after use
Used by sprinters or power lifters
Define antagonistic muscles
Our pairs of muscles that work in opposition to each other to perform opposite movements
Define point of origin
It is the location where a muscle is attached to a bone
It does not normally move during a contraction
Define point of intersection
It is the location where a muscle is attached to a bone that will cause motion when the muscle contracts
Define isotonic contraction
It is when a muscle changes in length as it contracts
It can lengthen or shorten
What are the three ways in which your muscles contract?
Isometric contraction
Isotonic concentric contraction
Isotonic eccentric contraction
Explain an isotonic concentric contraction
It is a muscular contraction with shorten the muscles making it wider
E.g. when performing a bicep curl as the bicep contracts it lifts the lower arm upwards as the biceps point of intersection is into the bones of the forearm
Explain an isotonic eccentric contraction
It is when a muscular contraction lengthens the muscle
E.g. drone a bicep curl when lowering the dumbbell back to the position the bicep will lengthen
Explain an isometric contraction
It is a muscular contraction whereby the muscles begin recruited. Stay the same length but are under tension
E.g. during a plank when the abdominals muscles contract stabilising the body but do not change length
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Shoulder and hip
Formed by a round head of one bone fitting into a cup shaped capsule of the connecting bone
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow and knee
Only allow movement in one direction
Give an example of a condyloid joint
Wrist and ankle
Allow movement in two planes found where an oval shaped end of one bone sits into an oval shaped cavity of another
Give an example of a pivot joint
Neck
Formed when part of the bone fits into another ring of bone
Give an example of a saddle joint
Base of the thumb
Allows movement in two directions
Give an example of a gliding joint (plane joint)
Between vertebrae’s and carpals in hand
Flat surfaced bones to glide over each other
