Introduction

Question 1

What are the 3 main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

-Movement
-Support
-Protection

Question 2

what ARE THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE?

Answer 2

-Long bone
-Shot bones
-Irregular bones
-Flat bones

Question 3

What are long bones?

Answer 3

Bones that are longer than they are wide. They act as leavers for the body to allow for movement.

Eg radius, ulna and humorous

Question 4

What are flat bones?

Answer 4

Flat bones are long and thin with their min function to provide a larger surface area to act as protection.

Eg sternum, cranium and pelvic bones

Question 5

What are irregular bones?

Answer 5

Irregular bones vary in shape and often have a role in protection and muscle attachment.

Eg vertebrae and the sacrum

Question 6

What are short bones?

Answer 6

Short bones are roughly boxed shape a generally have a similar length and width. They are designed to be weight bearing and generally don’t move much.

eg wrist carpals

Question 7

Define joints

Answer 7

Joints occur were two or more bones meet

Question 8

Define cartilage

Answer 8

Cartilage is a firm flexible elastic material that covers and protects the ends of long bones and access of padding between the vertebrae

Question 9

Define tendon

Answer 9

Tendons are flexible and strong tissue that connect muscle to bone

Question 10

Define ligaments

Answer 10

Ligaments connect bone to bone

Question 11

Define synovial fluid

Answer 11

Synovial fluid is found in the cavities of joints and reduces to friction in the joints

Question 12

What are the most common joints found in the body?

Answer 12

Synovial joints and they are also the most movable

Question 13

What are the six examples of synovial joints

Answer 13

Ball and socket
Condyloid joints
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Saddle joint

Question 14

Describe the movement flexion

Answer 14

Flexion is the bending of a limb at a joint so that the angle decreases

E.g. a basketball player decrease the angle of their elbow when shooting

Question 15

Extension, describe the movement extension

Answer 15

Extension is the straightening of a limb at a joint so that the angle increases as the joint opens

E.g. a football player kicking a ball from the ground, straightening their knee to extend their leg

Question 16

Describe the movement abduction

Answer 16

Abduction is the movement of a limb sideways from the middle of the body

Eg a gym mask doing a split on a floor routine

Question 17

Describe the movement adduction

Answer 17

The movement of a limb sideways towards the middle of the body

E.g. returning the arms and legs to the middle of the body when performing a jumping jack

Question 18

Describe the movement rotation

Answer 18

Rotation is the movement of a body part around a fixed joint in a circular motion

Eg the rotation of the shoulders and hips during a golf swing

Question 19

Describe this movement circumduction

Answer 19

Circumduction is when a limb in a circle

Only occurs in ball in socket joints
Eg a cricket bowler use the circumduction to bowl a fast ball

Question 20

Describe the movement Dorsi flexion

Answer 20

It occurs when the foot pins at the ankle that bring the toes towards the shin

E.g. long jumper will use with flexion to lead their heels to get the most out of that jump

Question 21

Describe the movement Dorsi flexion

Answer 21

It occurs when the foot pins at the ankle that bring the toes towards the shin

E.g. long jumper will use with flexion to lead their heels to get the most out of that jump

Question 22

Describe the movement plantarflexion

Answer 22

It is depending of the foot to point the toes away from the shin

Unique to the ankle joint
Eg by pointing their toes during a routine

Question 23

Types of muscle found in the body

Answer 23

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

Question 24

What are cardiac muscles?

Answer 24

Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found in the heart

Question 25

What are smooth muscles?

Answer 25

Smooth muscles are involuntary and are found on the lining of some organs

Question 26

What are skeletal muscles?

Answer 26

They are muscles that are voluntary and are attached to the bones of the skeleton

Question 27

What what are the three types of muscle fibres?

Answer 27

Type one - slow twitch fibres Type 2a - fast twitch fibres Type 2x - fast twitch fibre

Question 28

Describe slow twitch fibres

Answer 28

Slow twitch fibres are slow to tire as they have mitochondria in each other cells. They can endure force for a longer period of time but cannot exert a high level of power. E.g. long distance runners might use type one muscle fibres

Question 29

Describe type lla fast muscle fibres

Answer 29

Fast twitch fibres have a high threshold and will be activated only when the forced demands are greater than the slow twitch fibres can meet they generate more force than type one fibres but fatigue faster Strength and conditioning can increase the capacity of these fibres Found in sports like GAA

Question 30

Describe type llX fast twitch fibres

Answer 30

These fast twitch fibres can generate the most power and explosive movements when recruited these fibres are the fastest to go fatigue and therefore require the most time to recover after use Used by sprinters or power lifters

Question 31

Define antagonistic muscles

Answer 31

Our pairs of muscles that work in opposition to each other to perform opposite movements

Question 32

Define point of origin

Answer 32

It is the location where a muscle is attached to a bone It does not normally move during a contraction

Question 33

Define point of intersection

Answer 33

It is the location where a muscle is attached to a bone that will cause motion when the muscle contracts

Question 34

Define isotonic contraction

Answer 34

It is when a muscle changes in length as it contracts It can lengthen or shorten

Question 35

What are the three ways in which your muscles contract?

Answer 35

Isometric contraction Isotonic concentric contraction Isotonic eccentric contraction

Question 36

Explain an isotonic concentric contraction

Answer 36

It is a muscular contraction with shorten the muscles making it wider E.g. when performing a bicep curl as the bicep contracts it lifts the lower arm upwards as the biceps point of intersection is into the bones of the forearm

Question 37

Explain an isotonic eccentric contraction

Answer 37

It is when a muscular contraction lengthens the muscle E.g. drone a bicep curl when lowering the dumbbell back to the position the bicep will lengthen

Question 38

Explain an isometric contraction

Answer 38

It is a muscular contraction whereby the muscles begin recruited. Stay the same length but are under tension E.g. during a plank when the abdominals muscles contract stabilising the body but do not change length

Question 39

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

Answer 39

Shoulder and hip Formed by a round head of one bone fitting into a cup shaped capsule of the connecting bone

Question 40

Give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 40

Elbow and knee Only allow movement in one direction

Question 41

Give an example of a condyloid joint

Answer 41

Wrist and ankle Allow movement in two planes found where an oval shaped end of one bone sits into an oval shaped cavity of another

Question 42

Give an example of a pivot joint

Answer 42

Neck Formed when part of the bone fits into another ring of bone

Question 43

Give an example of a saddle joint

Answer 43

Base of the thumb Allows movement in two directions

Question 44

Give an example of a gliding joint (plane joint)

Answer 44

Between vertebrae’s and carpals in hand Flat surfaced bones to glide over each other