Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain And Behaviour > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what causes behaviour

A
  • sensory stimulation
  • neural circuits
  • hormones
    -reward
  • evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

emotion vs. motivation behaviour

A

emotions
- cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings

motivation
- behaviour is purposeful
- regulatory and non-regulatory

regulated by
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
- frontal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

butler and harlow experiment

A
  • brain seeks out stimulation
  • monkey in a dim room with a window to another room
  • learned to perform tasks through window
  • longer they were deprives, more time they spent at window
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

evolutionary psychology

A
  • applies principles of natural selection to reveal causes of human behaviour
  • behaviour is a result of favoured neural circuits in natural selection
  • theory of evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

innate releasing mechanisms

A
  • detects specific sensory stimuli
  • directs organism to take specific action
  • adaptive responses
  • innate but can be modified withe experience
    ex. picasso cat vs. halloween cat
    babies match facial expressions to internal templates for immitation
  • favourable behaviours for survival are passed down generations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

environmental influences on behaviour

A

BF Skinner
- role of learning on behaviour
- experience shapes behaviour by pairing stimuli and reinforcers

learned taste aversion
- acquired association between taste or odor and illness
ex. coyotes and sheep

  • environment is not always an influence
  • brain is not prewired to make every association
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chemical senses

A

sense and smell rely on chemoreceptors
1. olfactory receptors
- distance chemoreceptors detect airborne molecules
2. gustatory receptors detect dissolve molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

olfaction

A

olfactory epithelium
- receptor surface for olfaction

  • olfactory receptor cells send a process to cilia in the olfactory mucosa
  • chemicals dissolve in mucosa to interact with cilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

olfactory epithelium

A
  • receptor surface for olfaction
  • receptor neurons contain cilia with odorant receptors
  • each neuron expresses 1 type of receptor
  • 650 receptor types
  • cranial nerve 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

olfactory pathways

A
  • receptor cells project to olfactory bulb
  • direct olfactory targets (don’t go through thalamus)
    • pyriform cortex
    • amygdala
      *project to thalamus or other cortexes
  • via thalamus
    • orbitofrontal cortex (emotional, social, and eating behaviours)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pheromones

A
  • biochemicals released by one animal act as chemosignals that affect physiology and behaviour of another
  • vomeronasal organ: specialized olfactory receptor that detects pheromones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

receptors for taste (gustation)

A

tastebuds are located on papilla of tongue and in the mouth
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- umami (glutamate)

dissolved, enter through pore, contact microvilli on receptor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gustatory pathways

A

solitary tract
- the main gustatory nerve formed by neurons from taste cells
- neuron synapse in the nucleus of the tract (brain stem)
- neurons project to thalamus (ventral posterior nucleus)
- neurons then project to insula (gustatory cortex) - perception of taste
- GC sends projections to orbital frontal cortex for higher order processing (secondary taste)

combination of visual, somatosensory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structures behind motivated behaviour

A
  1. hypothalamus/pituitary gland
    - sends info to other brainstem circuits to produce behaviour
    - autonomic, neural, endocrinic, stress, reproduction, hunger, and thirst
  2. limbic system
  3. frontal lobes
  • input from frontal lobes and limbic system funnel through the hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus sends axons to control brainstem circuits and produce motivated behaviours
  • only motivated behaviours require hypothalamic involvement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

regulatory behaviours

A
  • motivated to meet survival needs of an animal
  • controlled by hypothalamus and homeostatic mechanisms
    ex. internal body temp, eating and drinking, salt consumption, waste elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

homeostatic mechanism

A
  • monitors maintenance of internal state of body
  • maintains critical body functions within a fixed range
  • negative feedback
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nonregulatory behaviours

A
  • unnecessary to meet survival needs
  • not controlled homeostatically
  • involve frontal lobes more than hypothalamus
  • influenced by external stimuli
    ex. sexual behaviour, parental behaviour, aggression, food preference, curiosity, reading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

communication systems

A
  • hypothalamus is responsible for both systems
    1. nervous system
  • NTs
  • cell to cell
  • fast acting
  • projects to target organ
    2. endocrine system
  • chemical hormones
  • short or long distance via bloodstream
  • slower acting
  • hormones can reach many targets and effect different tissues differently
19
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • organs whose primary function is the release of hormones
  • organs with other functions may also release hormones (heart, kidney, liver)
20
Q

functions of endocrine system

A
  • growth and development
  • metabolism
  • stress response
  • water and electrolyte balance
  • reproduction
  • sleep-wake cycle
  • hunger and regulation of body weight
21
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis by acting on endocrine and autonomic (unconscious) nervous systems

hormone secretion
- controls pituitary gland

pituitary gland
- endocrine gland at bottom of hypothalamus
- secretions control activities of other endocrine glands

target endocrine glands
- release hormones into bloodstream to act on targets

22
Q

hypothalamus role in hormone secretion

A

posterior pituitary
- neural tissue and a continuation of a hypothalamus
- releases hormones sent by hypothalamus

anterior pituitary
- glandular tissue that synthesizes its own hormones

releasing hormones
- peptides released by hypothalamus to stimulate/inhibit release of hormones from anterior pituitary

23
Q

stressor vs. stress response

A

stressor
- stimulus that challenges homeostasis and triggers arousal

stress response
- physiological and behavioural arousal
- any attempt to reduce stress
1. fast acting - immediately prepares for fight or flight (epinephrine)
2. slow acting - mobilizes resources to confront a stressor (cortisol)

24
Q

fast acting pathway to handle stress

A
  1. hypothalamus sends a neural message through spinal cord
  2. sympathetic system is activated to stimulate medulla of adrenal gland
  3. medulla releases epinephrine
  4. epinephrine activates cells, endocrine glands, and the brain
25
Q

slow acting pathway to handle stress

A
  1. hypothalamus releases CRH to posterior pituitary
  2. pituitary gland releases ACTH which acts on the adrenal gland cortex
  3. adrenal cortex releases cortisol into bloodstream
  4. cortisol activates cells, endocrine glands, and brain
26
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

A

hypothalamus - anterior pituitary - adrenal cortex negative feedback loop

27
Q

ending a stress response

A
  • turned on and off in the brain

sapolsky
- hippocampus detects cortisol levels and regulates
- hippocampal neurons are sensitive to cortisol and can be damaged
- prolonged stress cycle deteriorates hippocampus

28
Q

social competition and stress

A

sapolsky
- link between stress and hierarchy
- cunning and aggressive males rank at top
- low ranking males have highest stress hormone levels

  • competition establishes hierarchies and must be balanced by cooperation
  • hierarchies affect
    1. distribution of resources
    2. mating opportunities
    3. division of labour

responsibilities of the leader
- defend
- establish social norms
- apply consequences

29
Q

induced stress symptoms

A
  • hyperactive glucocorticoid secretion
  • immunosuppression
  • impaired reproduction
  • inhibition of neurogenesis
  • less synaptic plasticity
  • hypothalamic dentritic atrophy

stress decreases animals fitness

30
Q

greater stress is caused if dominance is asserted through ________

A

intimidation

31
Q

stress can be reduced through ______

A

coping strategies

32
Q

structures of limbic system

A
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • fornix
  • mamillary bodies
  • prefrontal cortex
  • cingulate gyrus
33
Q

amygdala function in limbic system

A
  • fear, anxiety, rage
  • input from all sensory systems
  • neurons are multimodal
  • olfactory info connects directly to amygdala
  • influences autonomic and hormonal responses via hypothalamus
  • influences conscious awareness of pos and neg consequences
  • stimulation produces autonomic response (high blood pressure, arousal, and fear)
34
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A
  • removal of amygdala
    symptoms
  • loss of fear
  • compulsive eating
  • hypersexuality
  • attend and react to every visual stimulus
  • examine objects via mouth
  • inability to recognize objects

*rare in humans

35
Q

hippocampus function in limbic system

A
  1. hippocampus
    - memory and spatial navigation
    - vulnerable to effects of stress
    - assists in terminating stress response
  2. parahippocampal cortex
    - grey matter surrounding hippocampus
    - involved in memory and spatial navigation
36
Q

fornix function in limbic system

A
  • white matter tracts from hippocampus
  • project to mammillary bodies and septal nuclei, etc.
  • communicate emotionally related memory info to other structures
37
Q

mamillary bodies function in limbic system

A
  • part of hypothalamus
  • connected to CN1
  • role in memory
38
Q

prefrontal cortex role in emotional behaviour

A
  • conscious awareness of emotional states
  • receives sensory input from all sensory areas
  • many multimodal neurons
  • damage to PFC effects social and emotional behaviour
    • inability to feel and express own emotions
    • inability to recognize other emotions
    • apathy and loss of innitiative
    • inability to plan and organize leading to poor decision making
39
Q

function of cingulate gyrus in limbic system

A
  • grey matter above corpus callosum
  • cingulate cortex
  • anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for
    • empathy related response
    • pain processing
    • decision making
    • social interaction
40
Q

empathy

A
  • ability to understand anothers emotional experience
  • shared experience of that persons feelings
  • any shared emotion
  • leads to prosocial behaviour (helping others)
    • may be inhibited by distress
41
Q

sympathy

A
  • reaction that does not involve a sharing of emotional experience
  • feeling sorry or concerned
42
Q

empathy formation in infants

A

infants
- cry when other infants cry
- mimic facial emotions

less than 2
- express sympathetic concern
- consoling gestures for distressed family members

later in development
- complex forms of empathy expressed

43
Q

brain regions activated in both self and other focused painful reactions

A
  • anterior cingulate cortex
  • insula
  • secondary somatosensory cortex
44
Q

what factors increase prosocial behaviour

A
  • in a positive mood
  • action required is not unpleasant
  • person being helped is not a direct competitor
    ex. trapped rat experiment
  • after opening the door once, it is repeated ASAP to free the other rst
  • won’t assist rats different from themselves (breed)

Brain And Behaviour (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions