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Brain And Behaviour > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Process where the nervous system acquires info, retain it over time, and guides and plans future action
- all cognition depends on memory
- perception, emotions, language, decision-making, sense of self, etc

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2
Q

Learning

A
  1. Synonymous to encoding
  2. Gradual change in behaviour as a function of training
    - storage, encoding and retrieval
    - learning trials
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3
Q

3 memory phases

A
  1. Encoding
    - memory traces: experiences that alter the nervous system
    - alters strength and # of synaptic connections
  2. Storage
    - retention of memory
    - long term requires consolidation
  3. Retrieval
    - accessing stored memories
    - remembering (conscious experience)
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4
Q

Amnesia

A
  • pathological memory loss
  • caused by brain damage and neurodegenerative disorder
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5
Q

Types of amnesia

A

Childhood
- loss of memory for early life and events
Psychogenic
- loss of memory due to psychological trauma
Retrograde
- loss of memory of events before injury
Anterograde
- loss of memory of events after injury

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6
Q

Patient H.M.

A

Henry Molaison (1953), studied by Dr. Scoville
- suffered from epilepsy
- received a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
- after surgery, reduced seizures, improved IQ, minor retrograde and profound anterograde amnesia, no long term memory, no time concept, and was able to learn new skills

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7
Q

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

A
  • removes portions of the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, parts of amygdala, and associated cortex
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8
Q

unconscious memory

A

retention of tasks with no cognitive recollection
(discovered through HM)

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9
Q

contributions of HM study

A
  1. memory is associated with specific structures
  2. 3 modes of memory
    - short term, long term, and remote
  3. 2 categories of long term memory
    - declarative(explicit) and non-declarative (implicit/procedural)
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10
Q

taxonomy of memory systems

A
  1. working memory
  2. short term
  3. long term
    - declarative
    - episodic (events)
    - semantic (facts)
    - nondeclarative
    - priming
    - skill learning
    - conditioning
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11
Q

short term memory

A
  • info is only held for a few seconds
  • average of 7 items (+/-2)
  • frontal lobes
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12
Q

working memory

A
  • ability to manipulate short term info to perform a task
  • frontal lobes
  • keeps info online for executive processing
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13
Q

long term memory

A

held indefintely

non declarative
- develops unconsciously
- skills, tasks, conditioned responses
- improved performance and behaviour changes
- cerebellum (motor memories) and striatum (habits)
- pavlovian and operant conditioning

declarative
- conscious memory
- recount knowledge with time, place, and situational details
- lost in amnesia
- hippocampus and frontal cortex
- semantic and episodic

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14
Q

semantic vs episodic memory

A

semantic
- memories from general facts and knowledge

episodic
- memories from experienced events
- autobiographical memory: from one’s own life events
- loss is more severe in bilateral temporal lobe amnesia

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15
Q

remote memory

A

a permanent form of long term memory

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16
Q

3 forms of nondeclarative memory

A
  1. priming
    - changes in processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter (even just 1) with the same or similar stimuli
  2. skill learning
    - improvement in performance due to repeated practice and learning trials
  3. conditioning
    - responses to associations between stimuli
    - requires repeated learning trials
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17
Q

pavlovian conditioning

A
  • associated with cerebellum

unconditioned stimulus
- naturally causes an unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
- neutral stimulus that causes a response after associating with an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
- naturally occurring response to a stimulus
conditioned response
- learned response to a conditioned stimulus

CS + UCS = UCR, after repetition CS causes CR

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18
Q

operant conditioning

A

consequences of a particular behaviour alter the probability of the behaviour occurring again

Ex. thorndike’s cat puzzlebox
BF Skinner pigeon feeding

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19
Q

amnesia of korsakoff syndrome

A
  • caused by alcoholism or malnutrition
  • vitamin B1 deficiency
  • irreversible antero and retrograde amnesia
  • sensory/motor problems, confusion, personality changes
  • damage to medial diencephalic regions
20
Q

amnesia of alzheimer’s disease

A

symptoms
- mild, but degenerative, loss of memory
- degeneration of the basal forebrain and hippocampus

predementia alzheimer’s
- antero and retrograde amnesia
- short term and implicit memory deficits

21
Q

posttraumatic amnesia

A
  • memory loss after closed-head injury
  • antero and retrograde amnesia
22
Q

ribot’s law

A

1982
- brain damage affects recent memories more than remote ones
- temporal gradient
- electroconvulsive shock causes retrograde amnesia

23
Q

patient JK

A
  • developed parkinsons in mid-70s and memory issues at 78
  • impaired implicit memory with intact explicit memory
  • damage to basal ganglia
  • impaired ability to perform basic tasks
  • can recall explicit events
24
Q

highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)

A
  • complete recall for all events in their life, including the date it happened
  • increased gray matter
  • bigger fiber projections between frontal and temporal lobes
25
Q

3 animal models of amnesia

A
  1. delayed non-matching to sample test
    - animal model of HM condition
  2. monkeys
    - bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
    - deficits observed in DNMS test
  3. rats
    - hippocampal lesion
    - mumby box
26
Q

hippocampectomy in rats vs. monkeys

A

monkeys
- hippocampus is removed by aspiration
- large amounts of medial temporal cortex is damaged
- via inferior surface

rats
- hippocampus is removed by aspiration
- small amounts of parietal neocortex is damaged
- via dorsal surface

27
Q

delayed nonmatching to sample test (monkey)

A
  • monkey is presented an object with food underneath
  • then shown 1 old and 1 new object
  • must remember food is under new object
28
Q

delayed nonmatching to sample test (rats)

A
  • mumby box
  • must remember food is under new object
29
Q

consolidation

A
  • hippocampus consolidates new memories
  • stabilizing a memory trace after learning
  • memories move from hippocampus to areas of the neocortex
30
Q

reconsolidation

A
  • restabilizing a memory trace after revisiting the memory
  • replaying a memory opens it to consolidation
  • new info is integrated into memory networks
31
Q

(T/F) hippocampus is similar in size across species

A

False

hippocampus differs in size based on needs of the environment and adaptations that need to be made

32
Q

hippocampal cells involved in memory

A

place cells
- fire when in a specific location
time cells
- code temporal aspect of an experience
social space
- learning about social organization
concept cells
- respond to idea/concept/entity

33
Q

entorhinal cortex cells involved in memory

A

grid cells
- sends signals to hippocampus
- represent evenly spaced area of place fields
head-direction cells
- direction of head orientation
border cells
- fire near borders of environment

34
Q

importance of place cells in hippocampus

A
  • discovered by John O’Keefe (1971)
  • fire in specific locations
  • hippocampus is necessary for navigation
35
Q

importance of grid cells in entorhinal cortex

A
  • discovered by May-Britt and Edvard Moser (2005)
  • dead-reckoning system
  • keep track of location independent of external cues
36
Q

concept cells in hippocampus

A
  • discovered by electrodes implanted in epileptic surgical patients
  • respond to ideas/concepts
  • respond to very specific test objects or individuals
37
Q

spatial memory tests in rats

A
  1. radial-arm test
    - rats learn to go to baited arms each day, but not the same arm twice in one day (working memory)
    - hippocampal damage are unable to recall
  2. morris water maze
    - tests spatial ability
    - swim to a submerged platform
    - external room cues to solve location
    - hippocampal damage cannot learn this relational problem
38
Q

all types of long term memory depend on changes in __________ and strength of ___________

A

neural conductivity and synaptic transmission

39
Q

engram

A
  • richard semon (1904)
  • memory trace
  • biochemical and physical changes in synaptic conductivity underlying memory storage
40
Q

donald o hebb

A

1949
- changes in efficiency of synaptic transmission were basis of long term memory
- neurons work together to strengthen connections
- linked when pre and post synaptic neurons are active at the same time

41
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A
  1. LTP can be induced by one high frequency electrical train
  2. LTP is long lasting
  3. LTP only develops if both pre and postsynaptic neurons fire
  4. associative learning

in order for EPSP to increase
- higher release of NTs from presynaptic
- postsynaptic membrane must become more sensitive to the same amount of transmitter

bliss and lomo (1973)
- studied by measuring response of post-synaptic neurons in hippocampus, as well as amygdala, cerebellum, cortex, and basal ganglia

42
Q

cellular mechanisms underlying LTP

A

glutamate
- excitatory NT
- ionotropic receptors AMPA and NMDA
- AMPA: ion channel allowing for Na to enter the postsynaptic neuron
- NMDA: ion channel allowing Ca to enter cell
- blocked by Mg at rest
- triggers neurochemical cascade underlying LTP

43
Q

NMDA receptor in LTP

A
  1. glutamate from weak stimulation only activates AMPA
  2. strong stimulation removes Mg from NMDA pore
  3. glutamate can now access and influx Ca
  4. Ca allows a second messenger to insert more AMPA, increase synapse strength, and stronger response to glutamate
44
Q

behavioural LTP

A
  • LTP is studied in vitro and linked LTP to memory in vivo

ex. morris water maze
- lack of LTP causes impairment in spatial learning

45
Q

learning related changes in synaptic morphology

A
  • long lasting functional and structural alterations
  • increased vesicles in pre membrane
  • increased post receptors
  • morphological changes include cleft defining zones, addition of dendritic spines
46
Q

Long term depression (LTD)

A
  • long lasting decrease in synaptic efficacy
  • caused by prolonged low frequency stimulation of pre neuron
  • decreases size of EPSP
  • counterbalances LTP
47
Q

changes in dendritic spine from LTP

A
  • small protrusions on branches
  • receive excitatory inputs
  • observed an hour after LTP is induced
    1. change in diameter and length
    2. change in size of heads
    3. formation of new spines

Brain And Behaviour (11 decks)

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