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Brain And Behaviour > Topic 10 > Flashcards

Topic 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological constructs

A
  • mental processes
  • idea is being real, though it is not tangible
  • difficult to localize constructs in the brain
  • thought
  • language
  • memory
  • emotion
  • motivation
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2
Q

cognition

A
  • act or process of knowing
  • describes thought processes
  • ability to pay attention to stimuli, to identify stimuli, and plan meaningful responses
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3
Q

donald o hebb

A

1949
- cell assembly is the basis of perception, memory, and thought
- neurons that fire together wire together
- neurons combine evidence and make decisions
- foundation of cognitive processes and thought
- individual neuron + neural network = complex mental representations

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4
Q

cell assembly

A
  • network of neurons
  • objects, ideas, complex concepts
  • cognition is the result of interplay among networks
  • ensembles come together to produce coherent thought
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5
Q

association cortex role in cognition

A
  • neocortex outside of sensory and motor cortices
  • receives input from multiple regions
  • produces cognition
  • receives more highly processed info than cortices
  • what makes sense of input info
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6
Q

3 regions of association cortex for cognition

A
  1. temporal association regions
    - produce cognition related to visual and auditory pathways
    - visual to temporal
  2. parietal cortex
    - somatosensory and movement control
    - spatial awareness
  3. frontal cortex
    - coordinates info from parietal and temporal association regions with input info from subcortical regions
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7
Q

dorsal stream visual pathway

A
  • where pathway
  • mediates vision for action (grabbing)
  • where objects are
  • parietal association cortex

damage causes issues in
- judging location of objects
- estimate distance
- legth
- size
- depth

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8
Q

ventral stream visual pathway

A
  • what pathway
  • connection of object to vision
  • what objects are
  • temporal association cortex
  • object recognition

damage causes
- loss of visual knowledge of objects (visual agnosia)

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9
Q

multisensory integration - blinding problem

A
  • how do neural systems and functional levels combine to produce unconscious experience

solution
- association cortex is multimodal in some regions
- neurons respond to more than one sense
- combine stimuli together whether encountered separately or together

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10
Q

spatial cognition

A
  • where we an objects are in the environment
  • navigate from A to B
  • communicate about space
  • mentally manipulate objects
  • dorsal visual stream is important for spatial cognition
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11
Q

attention

A

selectively narrowing or focusing of awareness to stimuli

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12
Q

frontal and parietal association cortex roles in attention

A

frontal
- directs attention flexibly
- injuries cause over focusing and difficulty shifting attention

parietal
- damage causes contralateral neglect
- ignoring a part of a body or world opposite of the brain injury
- severe in right-hemisphere damage

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13
Q

planning

A
  • need to recognize objects (occipital and temporal lobes) and make appropriate movements (parietal lobe)
  • frontal lobe is conductor
  • make and read a motor plan to organize behaviour in space and time
  • frontal lobe injuries make it impossible to plan
    ex. wisconsin card sorting test
  • injured are unable to shift criteria
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14
Q

mirror neuron

A
  • cells in primate cortex that fire when and individual observes a specific action taken by another individual
  • activation of neurons = participants watch, make, or imagine a movement
  • primates have mechanism for recognizing action
  • neurons in inferior frontal and parietal cortex fire when the action is observed
  • provide the link between sender and receiver of communication
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15
Q

neural basis of language

A

frontal lobes - production of speech
temporal lobes - comprehension of speech

broca and wernicke

discovered from clinical-pathological correlations
- neurological lesions caused issues with language

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16
Q

aphasia

A

problem with producing or comprehending language

17
Q

dysarthria

A

difficulty speaking due to lesion in an aspect of vocal musculature

18
Q

alexia

A

deficits in reading

19
Q

agraphia

A

difficulty writing

20
Q

brocas aphasia

A
  • production/motor aphasia
  • loss of ability to produce normal speech
  • damage in ventral posterior of frontal lobe, left hemisphere (brocas area)
  • rules of grammar and syntax are disrupted

characteristics
- structural disorder of speech
- lack of organization of language
- halting character
- can comprehend language
- meaning may still be clear

21
Q

wernickes aphasia

A
  • sensory/receptive aphasia
  • proper use of grammar and syntax
  • cannot understand speech
  • coherent speech with little to no meaning
  • lesion to posterior and superior temporal lobe, usually on left (wernickes area)

characteristics
- speech is superficially fluent and well structured
- speech makes little or no sense to person
- words and meanings are not correctly linked

22
Q

language is lateralized to the ______ in most people

A

left

23
Q

wada test

A
  • to avoid damaging language areas and determine language hemisphere
  • sodium amobarbital test
  • anesthetic injected in carotid artery affects same hemisphere as injection
  • language size is anesthized = temporary aphasic
24
Q

right hemisphere role in language

A
  • produce rudimentary words and phrases
  • emotion in language
  • process musical info and emotional effects

prosody
- non-grammatical aspects
- tone, stress, rhythm, contrast, pauses

aprosodia
- damage to right hemisphere corresponding to language areas on the left causing deficits in the emotional components of language
- monotonic, robotic speech
- lack of emotion

25
Q

cerebral asymmetry

A
  • primary cortex is larger in right hem
  • sensorimotor representing face is larger in left hem ( left hem has special role in speech)
  • left lateral fissure is flatter than right
  • inferior parietal region larger in left hem
  • posterior temporal lobe is larger in right hem
26
Q

functional asymmetry examples

A
  1. GH
    - damage to right parietal lobe
    - head injury at 5
    - seizures at 18
    - surgery to remove injured area
    issues with
    - copying drawings
    - assembling puzzles
    - mental manipulations
    - navigating familiar places
    contributions
    - right hem controls spatial skills
  2. MM
    - damage to left parietal lobe
    - tumor removed at 16
    issues with
    - language
    - rading
    - arithmetic
    - naming objects
    - copying movements
    contributions
    - control language and cognitive tasks related to school
    - control in voluntary movement differs from right hem
27
Q

split brain

A
  • surgical disconnection of 2 hemispheres by cutting corpus callosum
  • controls epilepsy by preventing spreading
  • hems cannot communicate with each other
  • hems can be assessed independently
  • lateralization of language, rules of right and left hems, and functional overlap were established
28
Q

visual pathways

A
  • info in left visual goes to right hem
  • info in right visual goes to left hem
29
Q

functional asymmetry in split brain

A
  • info presented to one hem has no way of travelling to the other
  • right hem is visual not verbal (very little), so cannot respond verbally
  • left hem is verbal no visual , so does not identify objects
  • left hem does have some spatial abilities
30
Q

spearman concept of general intelligence

A

general intelligence - g factor
- do brains with high g differ in structure from low g
- is g related to specific regions or language

31
Q

convergent thinking

A
  • applying knowledge and logic to narrow range of possible solutions, then choosing one answer
  • looking for a single answer
  • measured with intelligence tests
  • temporal and parietal lobe lesions cause bad performance
32
Q

divergent thinking

A
  • exploring new unconventional solutions
  • not relying on conventional knowledge and logic
  • searches for multiple solutions
  • frontal lobe lesions cause bad performance
33
Q

intelligence A vs B (Hebb)

A

A
- innate intellectual potential
- highly heritable
- cannot be measured directly

B
- observed intelligence
- influenced by experiences and other factors during development
- measured by intelligence tests

  • experience can increase number of synapses and glial cells
  • pos experiences may increase B in people with lower A
  • neg experiences may decrease B in people with high A
34
Q

synaptic organization is affected by

A
  • genes partly
  • mostly epigenetic
  • variations in experiences combined with genetic patterns contribute to individual differences in intelligence

Brain And Behaviour (11 decks)

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