Topic 3

Question 1

Parasympathetic 2 nerve chain characteristics

Answer 1

• cell bodies in hindbrain and sacral region of spinal chord
• ganglia close to effector
• long preganglionic nerve
• short postganglionic
• both neurons release acetylcholine

Question 2

Sympathetic 2 nerve chain characteristics

Answer 2

• cell bodies in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
• ganglia close to spinal cord
• short preganglionic neuron that release acetylcholine
• long postganglionic neuron that release norepinephrine

Question 3

Hindbrain

Answer 3

• metencephalon and myelencephalon
• voluntary and involuntary functions
• breathing, balance, fine motor skills
• medulla (mye), pons and cerebellum (met)

Question 4

Medulla

Answer 4

• myelencephalon
• sensory and motor tracks
• breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone, sneezing, coughing, gag reflex
• reticular formation (sleep cycle)

Question 5

Pons

Answer 5

• metencephalon
• bridge between cerebellum and cerebrum
• controls movement
• sensory and motor tracts
• reticular formation (sleep cycle)

Question 6

Cerebellum

Answer 6

• metencephalon
• 3 layered cortex
• motor function
• compares intended with actual behaviour
• receives info
• send output to motor cortex to fix issues in quality
• cognitive function

Question 7

Midbrain

Answer 7

• mesencephalon
• tectum (roof of midbrain) contains the superior(visual) and inferior(auditory) colliculi
• tegmentum (floor of midbrain)
• substantia nigra produces dopamine for movement
• red nucleus
• periaqueductal gray controls pain
• ventral tegmental area produces reward dopamine

Question 8

Thalamus

Answer 8

• diencephalon
• sensory systems all pass through the thalamus
• sensory info is organized, integrated, and projected to the neocortex

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

• diencephalon
• temp regulation
• eating and drinking
• sleep
• sexual behaviour
• emotions and memory
• hormone release
• autonomic nervous system

Question 10

Forebrain

Answer 10

• telencephalon and diencephalon
• integration of sensation, motivation, emotion, and memory
• advanced cognitive functions like thinking, planning, and language
• cerebral cortex (neocortex)
• basal ganglia
• limbic system

Question 11

Basal ganglia

Answer 11

• telencephalon
• controls voluntary movement
• caudate nucleus
• putamen
• globus pallidus

*look at image for reference

Question 12

Limbic system

Answer 12

• regulates emotions and behaviours
• amygdala controls fear and rage
• hippocampus controls memory
• cingulate cortex controls emotions learning and memory

Question 13

Cerebral cortex lobes (neocortex)

Answer 13

• frontal lobe controls motor and executive function
• parietal lobe controls somatosensory function and sensory integration
• temporal lobe controls auditory, taste, smell, and memory
• occipital lobe controls vision

Question 14

Homunculus

Answer 14

Disproportional representation of the area of brain used for each limb and feature

Question 15

Wilder Penfield

Answer 15

Planned neurosurgeries and mapped sensory and motor cortices using somatotopic organization

Question 16

Characteristics of the cerebral cortex

Answer 16

• 6 layers of gray matter
• constructs and responds to a perceptual world
• unique to mammals

Question 17

Characteristics of the allocortex

Answer 17

• 3-4 layers of gray matter
• motivational and emotional states
• types of memory
• birds, reptiles, and mammals
• hippocampus control memory and spatial navigation
• amygdala controls anxiety and fear
• olfactory

Question 18

Structures of the cerebral cortex

Answer 18

• 6 layers all with different cell types, densities, neuron proportions
• layer IV receives afferent sensory info from the thalamus and is thick in the sensory cortex
• layer V is thick in the motor cortex and connects it to the spinal cord to create movement

Question 19

Broadmann’s areas

Answer 19

• cytoarchitectonic map
• structures are differentiated by their cell types
• structures give rise to function

Question 20

Camillo Golgi

Answer 20

Discovered that silver nitrate stain shows neurons under microscopes
- only stains a few neurons but they become fully visible

Question 21

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Answer 21

Discovered that the nervous system was made up of discrete cells using the golgi stain

Neuron hypothesis: neurons are the units of brain function

Question 22

Neural networks and connectome

Answer 22

• functional groups of neurons that connect areas of the brain to the spinal cord (input, output, and association)
• map of the structural connectivity of the brain

Question 23

Synapse

Answer 23

• region between the axon terminal and dendritic spine of 2 neurons
• unidirectional signal transmission
• presynaptic neuron
• synaptic cleft
• postsynaptic neuron
• where neurotransmitters are released

Question 24

3 functions of neurons

Answer 24

• sensory (afferent) carry info from receptors to the spinal cord
• interneurons (association) process info in the CNS and associate sensory and motor activity
• motor (efferent) send signals from the brain/spinal cord to effectors

Question 25

Types of sensory neurons

Answer 25

• bipolar (retina, olfactory, epithelium)
• pseudounipolar (touch and pain afferents)

Question 26

Types of interneurons

Answer 26

• stellate (star shaped) have many dendrites around the cell body and found in the thalamus
• pyramidal has a triangle cell body, long axons, and 2 sets of dendrites and found in the cortex
• purkinje has extremely branched dendrites and found in the cerebellum

Question 27

motor neurons

Answer 27

• lower brain stem and spinal cord
• all are efferent

Question 28

Glial cells

Answer 28

-non neural cells
- 1:1 ratio of neurons and glia

Question 29

Types of glial cells

Answer 29

1. Ependymal
   - small oval shape
   - secretes CSF
2. Astrocyte
   - star shaped
   - neural nutrition, support, and repair
   - forms blood brain barrier
   - heals scarring
3. Microglial
   - small
   - derived from blood
   - removes dead tissue
4. Oligodendroglial
   - forms myelin around
5. Schwann