Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain And Behaviour > Topic 11 > Flashcards

Topic 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

encephalitis

A

brain infection and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of brain infections

A
  1. bacterial
    - brain abscesses
    - meningitis (inflammation of meninges)
    - treated with antibiotics
    - damage is not reversed
  2. viral
    - may affect etiology of other disorders but long dormancy makes them hard to recognize
    a. preferential affinity for CNS
    - rabies (aggression; vaccine)
    b. no preferential affinity for CNS
    - mumps, herpes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neurotoxins

A

heavy metals
- entry from G tract, skin, lungs and move through the bloodstream to the brain

drugs to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders
- tardive dyskinesia (uncontrollable movements of lips, tongue, jaw, and cheeks)

endogenous
- antibodies against CNS components
- excessive glutamate due to stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

genetic factors

A
  • recessive genes
  • accidents of cell division
  • most diseases involve numerous loci on chromosomes
    ex. down syndrome
  • extra 21 chromosome (trisomy 21)
  • physical characteristics
  • intellectual impairments
  • medical complications
  • probability increases with maternal age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

brain tumors

A

neoplasm - abnormal group of cells growing independently and uncoordinated from rest of body
1. primary
- originate from tissue within the brain
2. metastatic
- originate in another location of the body and spread to brain through bloodstream
- often originate in lungs
- malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stroke

A
  • cerebrovascular disorder
  • blockage or bleeding vessel interrupts blood stream to the brain
  • ischemia is a lack of blood to the brain as a result of stroke
  • identified on angiogram
    symptoms
  • depend on area of brain affected
  • amnesia, paralysis, aphasia, visual disturbance, coma
    risk factors
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • high colesterol
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • atrial fibrilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

areas of affected tissue after stroke

A

infarct
- area of dead or dying tissue
penumbra
- dysfunctional area surrounding infarct
- area may recover or die
- goal of treatment is to save penumbra
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
- clot-busting drug
- administered within 3-5 hours for effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

types of stroke

A
  1. hemorrhagic
    a. intracerebral hemorrhage
    - happens in brain tissue and neurons
    - caused by hypertension, trauma, infections, tumors, abnormalities in blood vessel
    b. subarachnoid hemorrhage
    - result of bursting aneurysms
    - in subarachnoid space
    - caused by congenital or acquired (toxins, infection)
  2. ischemic
    a. thrombus
    - block of blood flow at site of formation (blood clot, fat, tumor)
    b. embolism
    - blockage breaks from site of formation and lodges in a smaller vessel
    c. arteriosclerosis
    - hardening and thickening of arteries
    - narrowing of lumen due to fatty deposit
    - artery becomes occluded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

role of glutamate in strokes

A
  • blocked blood vessel = increase in glutamate
  • cell affected by glutamate die after releasing more glutamate
  • toxic levels of calcium = direct toxicity
  • instigates many second-messenger pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

traumatic brain injury

A
  • head hitting other objects
  • brain can be damaged indirectly through blows that increase blood pressure (to the chest)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

closed head injuries

A

contusion
- deformation of tissue
- bleeding without laceration

concussion
- blow to the head that disrupts consciousness
- no structural damage
- diagnoses through symptoms due to lack of evidence
- effects cognition, movement, and neurological functions for long periods of time
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy occurs with too many concussions over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

epilepsy

A
  • recurrent, spontaneous seizures
  • synchronous firing of neurons
  • caused by genetics, toxins, tumor, trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diagnosis of seizures

A

scalp electroencephalogram (EEG)
- highly synchronized high amplitude neuronal firing
- individual spikes occur between seizures

  • not all seizures involve convulsions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

precedences of seizures

A
  • bad smell
  • thought/image
  • deja vu
  • hallucinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of epilepsy

A
  1. focal seizures
    - partial
    - epileptic neurons at focus fire together
    - some to little spreading
    - symptoms depend on area
    - no loss of consciousness or equilibrium
  2. generalized seizures
    - entire brain
    - focal firing spreads to entire brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of focal seizures

A
  1. simple partial
    - sensory, motor, or both
    - involves one part of body and may spread, though it is still localized
  2. complex partial
    - complex psychological phenomena
    - often originates in temporal lobes
    motor symptoms
    - automatisms (basic, compulsive, repetitive behaviours)
    - long sequence of motor behaviours
    - appears to be conscious but has no memory of events
17
Q

types of generalized seizures

A
  1. tonic-clonic
    - convulsions
    - loss of consciousness and equilibrium
    - hypoxia (lack of o2 to the brain) can cause brain damage
  2. absence
    - common in children
    - disruption of consciousness
    - no convulsions
    - vacant look, fluttering eyelids
18
Q

status epilepticus

A
  • lasting more than 5 mins
  • driving force does not abate
  • GABA or glutamate antagonists end seizures
  • death is more common in adults
19
Q

treatment of epilepsy

A
  • goal is to raise seizure thresholds by enhancing action of GABA
  • intractable (antiseizure drugs fail)
  • surgical resection of epileptogenic tissue to cure intractable
20
Q

parkinsons disease

A
  • movement disorder
  • more prevalent in males
  • no obvious cause but many risk factors
  • degeneration of substantia nigra and loss of dopamine
21
Q

symptoms of parkinsons

A
  • resting tremor
  • muscular rigidity
  • small involuntary movements
  • slowness of movement and speech
  • stoop and shuffle
  • mask-like face
  • no dementia but some cognitive effects
  • pain and depression
  • presence of lewy bodies in scans
22
Q

parkinsons treatment

A

drugs
- L dopa
- becomes less effective with use

surgery

deep brain stimulation
- low-intensity electrical stimulation through implanted electrode in subthalamic nucleus
- effectiveness is degenerative

23
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • loss of myelin in motor and sensory nerves of CNS
  • oligodendrocytes
  • neurons are destroyed once protective myelin is gone

characteristics
- progressive disease
- axons become dysfunctional and degenerate
- relapses and remission is common
- starts with visual loss

24
Q

causes of MS

A

autoimmune disorder
- immune system attacks myeline

25
Q

risk factors of MS

A
  • vitamin B deficiency
  • bacterial/viral infection
  • environmental factors
  • misfolded proteins
  • more common in women, caucasians, colder climate populations
26
Q

treatment for MS

A
  • no cure
  • steroids reduce inflammation
  • immunomodulatory drugs may benefit some patients
27
Q

dimentia

A
  • intellectual impairment
  • loss of memory and cognitive deficits
  • impairment in social and occupational functioning
  • affects every function of the brain
28
Q

alzheimers disease

A
  • progressive and terminal
  • diagnosed through CSF and brain imaging
  • cause is unknown
  • proposed causes include genetics, environmental toxins, autoimmune responses, slow-acting virus
29
Q

symptoms of alzheimers

A
  • decline in memory
  • deficits in attention
  • personality changes
  • emotional instability
  • irritability and anxiety
  • loss of speech function
  • total dementia
  • cannot perform simplistic tasks

hippocampus hit first to loss of memory as start symptom and slowly spreads to rest of brain

30
Q

3 characteristics of alzheimers

A
  1. beta-amyloid plaques
    - scar tissue composed of aggregation of beta-amyloid protein
  2. neurofibrillary tangles
    - cells of proteins in cytoplasm fall apart and tangle with one another
  3. loss of cells
    - hippocampus, amygdala, cortical areas
31
Q

cortical degeneration of alzheimers

A

cerebral atrophy due to loss of dendritic arborization
- loss of NTs
- acetylcholine
- noradrenaline
- dopamine
- serotonin
- NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors

Brain And Behaviour (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions