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Brain And Behaviour > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary functions of the brain?

A
  • behaviour
  • receiving and translating info
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2
Q

Afferent is ______ and efferent is _____

A

Sensory
Motor

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3
Q

Neuron structure

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body (nucleus)
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • axon terminal
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4
Q

Nucleus vs Ganglion

A

Nucleus - a group of cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglion - group of cell bodies in the PNS

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5
Q

Tract vs Nerve

A

Tract - bundle of axons in the CNS

Nerve - bundle of axons in the PNS

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6
Q

Grey vs white matter

A

Grey - contains nuclei and ganglion and is unmyelinated

White - contains tracks and nerves and is myelinated

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7
Q

Meninge layers

A
  1. Dura mater
    - tough outer layer
  2. Arachnoid mater
    - network of connective tissue
    - sub space has CSF
  3. Pia mater
    - thin inner layer
    - tight against the brain
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8
Q

Gyrus vs sulcus

A

Gyrus - ridges/hills
Sulcus - furrows/valleys
- fissures are deeper sulcus

*allows for greater surface area
More folds = more intelligence

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9
Q

Important fissures and sulci

A

Central sulcus - top of the brain separating the parietal and frontal lobe

Longitudinal fissure - separates the hemispheres

Lateral fissure - separates the frontal and temporal lobes

*refer to slides

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10
Q

Lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal
    - motor function
    - executive function
  2. Parietal
    - somatosensory function
    - sensory integration
  3. Temporal
    - auditory
    - taste
    - smell
    - memory
  4. Occipital
    - visual
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11
Q

Phineas Gage incident

A
  • bar through his right frontal lobe to his left cheek
  • survived and lived 12 more years
  • had a complete change in behaviour and personality
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12
Q

Motor and Sensory regions

A

Primary motor cortex
- output info (efferent)
Primary sensory cortex
- input info (afferent)
Boca’s area
- production of speech
- produce coherent speech
Wernicke’s area
- understand speech
- doesn’t allow for physical speech

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13
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A
  1. Lateral ventricles (left and right)
    - 2 ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
    - under the lateral ventricles
  3. Fourth ventricle
    - connected to third by the cerebral aqueduct
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14
Q

Where is CSF produced and what is its function?

A

Produced in the choroid plexus in the ventricles

Used to suspend the brain

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15
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Bands of white matter that connect the hemispheres and allows them to communicate

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16
Q

Divisions of the forebrain

A

Telencephalon
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
Diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

17
Q

Division of the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon
- midbrain

18
Q

Divisions of hindbrain

A

Metencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum

Myelencephalon
- medulla

19
Q

Functions of the autonomic systems

A

Regulates internal functions

Sympathetic
- fight or flight
- prepares body for action
- expends energy for physical and mental exertion

Parasympathetic
- conserve energy
- calm

20
Q

How does information flow out of the autonomic system

A

Two neuron chain
Preganglionic neuron - from central neuron to ganglia
Postganglionic fibre - from cell body in ganglia to organ

21
Q

Neurons of the parasympathetic system

A
  • preganglionic neurons found in brain stem (cranial nerves) and spinal cord
  • preganglionic axons are long
  • postganglionic axons are short
  • both release acetylcholine
22
Q

Neurons of the sympathetic system

A
  • preganglionic neurons found in spinal cord (T1 - L2)
  • preganglionic axons are short and release acetylcholine
  • postganglionic axons are long and release norepinephrine
23
Q

Spinal cord law of Bell and Magendie

A

Posterior/dorsal root fibers are sensory (Afferent)

Anterior/ventral root fibers are motor (efferent)

24
Q

5 dermatome regions

A
  1. Cervical nerves (C1-C8)
    Top of spine - 8th vertebrae
  2. Thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
    9th vertebrae - 20th vertebrae
  3. Lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
    21st vertebrae - 25th vertebrae
  4. Sacral nerves (S1-S5)
    26th vertebrae - 30th vertebrae
25
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
- small unit has a small number of muscle fibres and allows for fine motor control
- big unit has a large number of muscle fibres and allows for simpler, bigger movements

26
Q

Spinal cord characteristics

A
  • controls most body movements
  • acts independently of brain (reflexes)
  • reflex are autonomic movements
27
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A
  • 12 pairs
  • control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and internal organs
  • Afferent, efferent, and mixed nerves
28
Q

Components of the brain stem

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
  • cerebellum is behind the stem
29
Q

On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops

A

I - olfactory (smell)
II - optic (vision)
III - oculomotor (eye movement)
IV - trochlear (eye movement)
V - trigeminal (masticatory movements and facial sensation)
VI - abducens (eye movement)
VII - facial (facial movement and sensation)
VIII - auditory vestibular (hearing and balance)
IX - glossopharyngeal (tongue and pharynx movement and sensation)
X - vagus (heart, blood vessels, viscera, and pharynx and larynx movement)
XI - spinal accessory (neck movement)
XII - hypoglossal (tongue movement)

30
Q

Where are the cranial nerves located?

A

1, 2, 3, 4 - Forebrain
5, 6, 7, 8 - Pons
9, 10, 11, 12 - Medulla

31
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • a network of neurons that controls the guts bowel motility, secretion, and blood flow
  • permits fluid and nutrient absorption to support waste elimination
  • strongly linked with the autonomic systems, specifically vagus nerve

Brain And Behaviour (11 decks)

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