TOPIC 8B - GENOME PROJECTS AND GENE TECHNOLOGIES

Question 1

What is a genome?

Answer 1

The entire set of DNA, including all the genes in an organism.

Question 2

What was the human genome project and when was it completed.

Answer 2

Completed in 2003

Mapped the entire sequence of the human genome for the first time.

Question 3

What is a proteome?

Answer 3

All the proteins that are made by an organism.

Question 4

Why can it be easy to determine the proteome of bacteria used for medical research?

Answer 4

Simple organisms, such as bacteria, don’t have much non-coding DNA.

This means it is relatively easy to determine their proteome from the DNA sequence of their genome.

This can be useful in medical research and development.

e.g. identifying the proteome antigens on the surface of disease-causing bacteria and viruses can help in the development of vaccines to prevent the disease.

(see page 196 in the revision guide)

Question 5

Why is it harder to translate the genome of complex organisms?

Answer 5

(see page 196 in the revision guide)

Question 6

Read the yellow box on page 196 in the revision guide.

Answer 6

understand?

Question 7

Read top of page 197 in the revision guide.

Answer 7

understand?

Question 8

Name and describe the 3 different ways in which DNA fragments can be made.

Answer 8

• using reverse transcriptase
• using restriction endonuclease enzymes
• using a ‘gene machine’

(see page 197 in the revision guide)

Question 9

Describe In Vivo amplification.

Answer 9

STEP 1 - The DNA fragment is inserted into a vector.

STEP 2 - The vector transfers the DNA fragment into host cells.

STEP 3 - Identifying transformed host cells.

(see page 199 in the revision guide)

Question 10

Describe In Vitro amplification.

Answer 10

PCR

see page 200 in the revision guide

Question 11

Give the definition of genetic engineering.

Answer 11

Microorganisms, plants and animals can all be transformed using recombinant DNA technology.

Question 12

Describe how insulin-producing bacteria are made.

Answer 12

(see page 201 in the revision guide)

Question 13

How can transformed plants be produced using recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 13

(see page 201 in the revision guide)

Question 14

How can transformed animals be produced using recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 14

(see page 201 in the revision guide)

Question 15

How does recombinant DNA technology benefit agriculture?

Answer 15

(see page 201 in the revision guide)

Question 16

How does recombinant DNA technology benefit industry?

Answer 16

(see page 201 in the revision guide)

Question 17

How does recombinant DNA technology benefit medicine?

Answer 17

(see page 201 in the revision guide)

Question 18

What are the concerns around agriculture when using recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 18

(see page 202 in the revision guide)

Question 19

What are the concerns around industry when using recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 19

(see page 202 in the revision guide)

Question 20

What are the concerns around medicine when using recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 20

(see page 202 in the revision guide)

Question 21

What are the concerns around ownership issues when using recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 21

(see page 202 in the revision guide)

Question 22

How does recombinant DNA technology benefit humanitarians?

Answer 22

(see page 202 in the revision guide)

Question 23

How does gene therapy work?

Answer 23

(see page 203 in the revision guide)

Question 24

Describe the two types of gene therapy.

Answer 24

• Somatic therapy

- Germ line therapy

Question 25

Give an example of an ethical issue of gene technology.

Answer 25

Some people are worried that the technology could be used in ways other than for medical treatment, such as for treating the cosmetic effects of ageing.

Other people worry there’s the potential to do more harm than good by using the technology.
E.g. risk of over expression of genes - gene produces too much of the missing protein.

Question 26

What are DNA probes used for?

Answer 26

DNA probes can be used to locate specific alleles of genes (E.g. on chromosomes) or to see if a person’s DNA contains a mutated allele that causes the genetic disorder.

DNA probes are short strands of DNA. They have a specific base sequence that’s complimentary to the base sequence of part of a target allele.

This means the DNA probs will bind (hybridise) to the target allele if its present in the sample of DNA.

The DNA robs also has a label attached, so that it can be detected. The two most common types of label are a radioactive label (detected using X-ray film) or a fluorescent label (detected using UV light)

(see pink and blue box 204 in the revision guide)

Question 27

What uses does screening using DNA probes have?

Answer 27

(see page 204 in the revision guide)

Question 28

What is genetic counselling?

Answer 28

Advising patients and their relatives about the rick of genetic disorders.

(see page 205 in the revision guide)

Question 29

What are personalised medicines?

Answer 29

(see page 205 in the revision guide)

Question 30

Describe how genetic fingerprinting works in detail.

Answer 30

(see page 206 in the revision guide)

Question 31

What 2 things can genetic fingerprinting be used for other than forensics?

Answer 31

• Determining genetic relationships
• Determining genetic variability within a population.

(see page 206 in the revision guide)

Question 32

How is genetic fingerprinting used in forensic science?

Answer 32

(see page 207 in the revision guide)

Question 33

How is genetic fingerprinting used in medical diagnosis?

Answer 33

(see page 207 in the revision guide)

Question 34

How is genetic fingerprinting used in animal and plant breeding?

Answer 34

(see page 207 in the revision guide)