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BIOLOGY A LEVEL > TOPIC 4B - DIVERSITY, CLASSIFICATION AND VARIATION > Flashcards

TOPIC 4B - DIVERSITY, CLASSIFICATION AND VARIATION Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females. they join together at fertilisation to form a zygote, which divides and develops into a new organism.

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2
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Each cell contains two of each chromosome, one from the mum and one from the dad.

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3
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

There is only one copy of each chromosome, either from the mum or from the dad.
(A haploid egg, or a haploid sperm)

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4
Q

Explain meiosis.

A

(see page 88 in the revision guide)

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5
Q

What 3 things cause genetic variation in off spring?

A
  1. Random fertilisation
  2. Crossing over of chromatids
  3. Independent segregation of chromosomes

(see page 89 in the revision guide)

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6
Q

Describe 3 difference between mitosis and meiosis.

A

(see page 89 in the revision guide)

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7
Q

How does Down syndrome occur in humans? (referring to the DNA formation)

A

non-disjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis.

see page 90 in the rev vision guide

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8
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The number of different alleles of genes in a species or population.

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9
Q

How is genetic diversity increased in a population?

A
  • Mutations in the DNA
  • Gene flow

(see page 92 in the revision guide)

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10
Q

What is a genetic bottleneck?

A

An event that causes a big reduction in a population.

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11
Q

How do genetic bottlenecks reduce genetic diversity?

Give an example.

A

(see page 92 in the revision guide)

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12
Q

Describe the founder effect.

A

(see page 92 in the revision guide)

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13
Q

How does natural selection increase advantageous alleles is a population?

A

(see page 93 in the revision guide)

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14
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Ways an organism acts that increases its chance of survival and reproduction.

For example, possums sometimes ‘play dead’ of they’re being threatened b y a predator to escape attack.

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15
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Processes inside an organisms body that increase its chance of survival. For example, brown bears hibernate over winter. They lower their rate of metabolism. This conserves energy, so they don’t need to look for food in the months when it’s scarce.

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16
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Structural features of an organisms body that increase its chance of survival. For example, whales have a thick layer of blubber which helps them keep warm in the sea.

17
Q

How can you investigate the effects of antibiotics on bacterial growth?

A

(see page 95 in the revision guide)

18
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms.

(see page 96 in the revision guide)

19
Q

What is classification?

A

(see page 96 in the revision guide)

20
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring.

21
Q

Describe the binomial system.

A

(see page 97 in the revision guide)

22
Q

What is courtship behaviour?

A

Courtship behaviour is carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the right species.

(see page 97 in the revision guide)

23
Q

What three advances in technology can clarify evolutionary relationships between organisms?

A
  • Genome sequencing
  • Comparing amino acid sequences
  • Immunological comparisons

(see page 98 in the revision guide)

24
Q

How do we investigate variation?

A

(see page 100 and 101 in the revision guide)

25
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms in an area.

26
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives.

27
Q

What is a community?

A

All the populations of different species in a habitat.

28
Q

What is the index of diversity?

A

(see page 102 in the revision guide)

29
Q

What agricultural practices can reduce biodiversity?

A
  • Woodland clearance
  • Hedgerow removal
  • Pesticides
  • Herbicides
  • Monoculture

(see page 103 in the revision guide)

30
Q

Give the name of the eight groups of classification for organisms.

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

BIOLOGY A LEVEL (19 decks)

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