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BIOLOGY A LEVEL > TOPIC 5A - PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION > Flashcards

TOPIC 5A - PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION Flashcards

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1
Q

What do plants need energy for?

A

Plants need energy for things like:

  • Photosynthesis
  • Active transport (E.g. to take in minerals via their roots)
  • DNA replication
  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
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2
Q

What do animals need energy for?

A

Animals need energy for things like:

  • Muscle contraction
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Active transport
  • DNA replication
  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
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3
Q

Give the definition of photosynthesis.

A

Photosynthesis id the process where energy from light is used to make glucose from H2O and CO2 the light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form go glucose.

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4
Q

Give the overall equation of photosynthesis.

A

(See page 104 in the revision guide)

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5
Q

How do animals obtain glucose?

A

Animals obtain glucose by eating plants (or other animals), then respire the glucose to release energy.

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A
  1. Anaerobic respiration - using oxygen

2. Aerobic respiration - without oxygen

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7
Q

Give the overall equation for aerobic respiration.

A

(See page 104 in the revision guide)

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8
Q

In plants and yeast, what does anaerobic respiration produce?

A
  • Ethanol
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Releases energy
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9
Q

In humans, what does anaerobic respiration produce?

A
  • Lactate

- Releases energy

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10
Q

Draw and label a molecule of ATP.

A

(See page 104 in the revision guide)

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11
Q

How is energy released and used from a molecule fo ATP?

A

(See page 104 in the revision guide)

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12
Q

Name 6 reasons why ATP is a good energy source.

A
  1. Stores or releases only a small, manageable amount of energy at a time; no energy is wasted as heat.
  2. Small, soluble molecule so can be easily transported around the cell.
  3. Easily broken down, energy easily released instantaneously.
  4. Can be quickly remade.
  5. Can make other molecules more reactive by transferring 1 of its phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)
  6. ATP can’t pass out of the cell, so the cell always has immediate supply of energy.
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13
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A series of small reactions controlled by enzymes

e.g. respiration and photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule.

e.g. ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

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15
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light.

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16
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The splitting (lysis) of a molecule using light (photo) energy.

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17
Q

What is photoionisation?

A

When light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released.
The release of electrons causes the atom or molecule to become a positively-charged ion.

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18
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The splitting (lysis) of a molecule using water (hydro)

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19
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule.

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20
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule.

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21
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction.

reduced - gained electrons/hydrogen, lost oxygen

oxidised - lost electrons/hydrogen, gained oxygen

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22
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme.

They work by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another.

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23
Q

Give an example of coenzymes used in respiration.

A

(See page 105 in the revision guide)

24
Q

Draw and label a chloroplast.

A

(see page 106 in the revision guide)

25
Q

Describe what happens in the light-dependent reaction.

A

(see page 106 in the revision guide)

26
Q

What two stages can photosynthesis be split into?

A
  1. Light-dependent reaction

2. Light-independent reaction

27
Q

Describe what happens in the light-independent reaction.

A

(see page 106 in the revision guide)

28
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle (light-independent reaction) take place?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplasts.

29
Q

Describe the steps involved in the Calvin cycle.

A

(see page 108 in the revision guide)

30
Q

In the Calvin cycle, what are TP and GP converted into?

A

(see page 108 in the revision guide)

31
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to run/turn to make one hexose sugar?

A

6 turns, (see page 109 in the revision guide)

32
Q

What is the optimum light intensity conditions for photosynthesis?

A

(see page 110 in the revision guide)

33
Q

What is the optimum temperature conditions for photosynthesis?

A

25ºC

see page 110 in the revision guide

34
Q

What is the optimum carbon dioxide conditions for photosynthesis?

A

0.4%

see page 110 in the revision guide

35
Q

Draw a graph for what the rate of photosynthesis would look like if you slowly increased the light intensity.

A

(see page 110 in the revision guide)

36
Q

Draw a graph for what the rate of photosynthesis would look like if you slowly increased the CO2 concentration.

A

(see page 110 in the revision guide)

37
Q

Draw a graph for what the rate of photosynthesis would look like if you slowly increased the temperature.

A

(see page 110 in the revision guide)

38
Q

How do farmers control CO2, light and temperature in glasshouses?

A

(see page 111 in the revision guide)

39
Q

Read bottom of page 111 in the revision guide.

A

understand?

40
Q

How can you investigate the pigments in leaves, (what pigments are in a leaf)?

Describe this experiment.

A

(see page 112 in the revision guide)

41
Q

How can you investigate the activity of dehydrogenase in chloroplasts?

Describe this experiment.

A

(see page 113 in the revision guide)

42
Q

What 2 similarities are there between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Both:

  • produce ATP (anaerobic produces less)
  • start with process of glycolysis
43
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis.

A

(see page 114 in the revision guide)

44
Q

Describe the process of fermentation.

A

(see page 114 in the revision guide)

45
Q

Describe the link reaction.

A

(see page 115 in the revision guide)

46
Q

How many times per glucose molecule does the link reaction occur?

A

Twice for every glucose molecule.

47
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle.

A

(see page 115 in the revision guide)

48
Q

What are the 6 products from one Krebs cycle?

A
  • 1 coenzyme A
  • Oxaloacetate
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 reduced NAD
  • 1 reduced FAD

(see page 116 in the revision guide to see where it goes)

49
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation.

A

(see page 116 in the revision guide)

50
Q

Describe the process of respiration.

A

(see page 116 in the revision guide)

51
Q

How many ATP can be made form one glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP

52
Q

What can ATP production be affected by?

A

Mitochondrial diseases

see page 117 in the revision guide

53
Q

What other substrates can be used in aerobic respiration?

A

(see page 117 in the revision guide)

54
Q

How can you investigate the factors affecting Aerobic respiration in a single-celled organism?

A

(see page 118 in the revision guide)

55
Q

How can you investigate the factors affecting Anaerobic respiration in a single-celled organism?

A

(see page 118 in the revision guide)

56
Q

How can you measure the rate of oxygen consumption?

A

(see page 119 in the revision guide)

BIOLOGY A LEVEL (19 decks)

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