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Biology > Topic 8 - Coordination in Humans > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Coordination in Humans Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus

A

Any change in the internal or external environment
e.g. touch, pain, pressure, temperature, sound, sight, smell, taste

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2
Q

Receptor

A

A specialised cell that can detect stimuli inside or outside the body
e.g. on the skin, ear, eyes, mouth, nose

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3
Q

Effector

A

Parts of the body, such as muscles and glands, that produce a response to a detected stimulus

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4
Q

The Nervous System

A

Allows us to detect stimuli and respond, keeping us alive and well

  • Info is sent as nervous impulses - electrical signals that pass along neurons and synapses
  • Impulses travel very fast (100m/s), allowing rapid responses to stimuli
  • Effects are short term and fast
  • Actions/responses are both voluntary and involuntary
  • Localised response (specific)
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5
Q

The Endocrine System

A

Glands and organs that make hormones and release them into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body.

  • Info is sent through hormones (chemical impulses)
  • Slow speed of info transfer
  • Effects are long lasting and slow
  • Actions/responses are involuntary
  • Non-localised response
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6
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers which are released from organs or glands and travel in the bloodstream to a target cell/organ

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7
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Coordinates incoming information from receptors and allows conscious and unconscious muscle contractions.

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8
Q

Order of neutral pathway

A

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neuron receives electrical impulse from receptor -> CNS (coordinator) -> motor neuron - carries impulse away from CNS -> effector organ

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9
Q

Reflex arc process

A
  • Hot object (stimulus) is detected by heat receptor in the sensory neuron of the skin
  • Sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord (coordinator)
  • Impulse bypasses conscious areas of the brain
  • Electrical impulse is passed to a relay neurone
  • Relay neurone synapses with a motor neurone
  • Motor neurone carries an impulse to a muscle in the arm (the effector)
  • Muscles in the arm and hand contracts and pull the hand up and away from the hot object (response) to prevent damage
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10
Q

Reflex

A

a fast, involuntary response to a stimulus

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11
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next target cell.

It gets released from the vesicle at the presynaptic neuron into the synapse and diffuses across, binding with a receptor molecule on the postsynaptic neuron.

electrical impulse -> chemical signal -> electrical impulse

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12
Q

Cornea

A

A transparent part of the sclera at the front of the eye that refracts (bends) light as it enters the eye

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13
Q

Iris

A

The coloured part of the eye which contains muscles to increase and decrease the size of the pupil. Controls how much light enters the pupil.

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14
Q

Lens

A

Transparent disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina

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15
Q

Retina

A

A layer at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signals for brain to process. Contains receptor cells. Rods detect light intensity and cones detect colour.

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16
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sensory neuron that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

17
Q

Pupil

A

Hole that allows light to enter the eye

18
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Contracts when you need to focus on near objects and vice versa

19
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A thin, clear membrane that lubricates and protects the surface of the eye

20
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer layer that protects the eye

21
Q

Circular muscles

A

Contract in bright light to decrease size of pupil

22
Q

Radial muscles

A

Contract in dim light to increase size of pupil

23
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Loosen when eye focuses on near object and vice versa

24
Q

Fovea

A

Area on the retina which has a large number of photoreceptors where the eye sees particularly good detail

25
Q

Accomodation

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

26
Q

Focusing on near objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Causes suspensory ligaments to relax
  • Lens becomes thicker
  • Light is refracted more
27
Q

Focusing on distant objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Causes suspensory ligaments tighten
  • Lens becomes thinner
  • Light is refracted less
28
Q

Eye in dark environment

A
  • Photoreceptors detect stimulus
  • Radial muscles contract
  • Circular muscles relax
  • Pupil dilates
  • More light enters the eye
29
Q

Eye in bright light

A
  • Photoreceptors detect stimulus
  • Radial muscles relax
  • Circular muscles contract
  • Pupil constricts
  • Less light enters the eye
30
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • Produced in the adrenal glands
  • Readies the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response
  • Increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level
31
Q

Insulin

A
  • Produced in the pancreas
  • Reduces blood glucose levels
  • Stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage
32
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Produced in the testes
  • Controls development of secondary male characteristics
  • Voice breaks, hair grows on face and body, muscles develop
33
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Produced in the ovaries
  • Regulates menstrual cycle, supports pregnancy
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus
34
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • Produced in the ovaries
  • Controls development of secondary female characteristics
  • Breasts develop, hips widen, interacts with other hormones to release an egg
  • Builds uterus lining
35
Q

How heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline

A
  • Increased heart rate. Blood supply to the muscles increases -> allows faster rate of respiration -> more physical exertion can happen
  • Increase breathing rate and depth. Breathing allows gas exchange -> more oxygen to be transported -> more physical activity + muscle contractions
  • Diverting blood from intestines to muscles

Biology (17 decks)

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