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biology > Topic 12 - DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Cell Division > Flashcards

Topic 12 - DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

When offspring is produced from one parent through the mitosis of body cells

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2
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell division that happens in somatic cells. The two genetically identical cells produced are diploid.

Mitosis is used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

  1. Prophase - chromosomes become visible and the nucleus disappears
  2. Metaphase - chromosomes line up at the cell equator
  3. Anaphase - chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell by spindles
  4. Telophase - the chromosomes arrive at the poles
  5. Cytokinesis - nucleus reforms as cells split into two
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4
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that results in genetically unique gametes. A total of four haploid daughter cells will be produced.

  • Each chromosome makes identical copies of itself (forming X-shaped chromosomes)
  • First division: chromosomes pair up along the equator, recombination occurs and then cell fibres will pull the pairs apart, each new cell will have one of each recombinant chromosome pair
  • Second division: chromosomes will line up along the centre of the cell, cell fibres will pull them apart (as with mitosis)
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5
Q

Diploid

A

Cells that have the full number of chromosomes in homologous pairs
(body cells)

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6
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that have half the normal number of chromosomes (gametes)

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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusing of the nucleus from a male gamete with the nucleus from a female gamete

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8
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

A strand of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell

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10
Q

Parent cell

A

A cell that divides to produce daughter cells

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11
Q

Daughter cell

A

A cell that is produced after a parent cell divides

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12
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA producing an identical copy of itself

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13
Q

Clone

A

A genetically identical organism

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14
Q

Identical twins

A

Genetically identical twins formed from the same zygote

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15
Q

DNA

A

The chemical from which chromosomes are made

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16
Q

Cell

A

The basic building block of a living organism

17
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA coding for a particular protein

18
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread-like structures holding genes

19
Q

Nucleus

A

The part of a cell that contains genetic information

20
Q

Codon

A

Three nucleobases that code for one amino acid

21
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

phosphate (oval) - sugar (pentagon) - nitrogen-containing base (rectangle)

22
Q

Transcription

A

A process that happens in the nucleus and creates mRNA

  1. The DNA strands unzip. One strand is used as a template
  2. RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA just before the gene. This starts the process of transcription.
  3. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and uses the template strand to make mRNA by bringing in the complementary base and joining these together in a single strand
  4. Once made, the mRNA molecule will move out of the nucleus towards a ribosome
23
Q

mRNA

A

Carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm. It forms the complementary code to the DNA’s original code

24
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that synthesises (builds) RNA by following a strand of DNA and joining bases together

25
Q

tRNA

A

brings amino acids together

26
Q

Translation

A

a process that builds a chain of amino acids

  1. tRNA molecules have amino acid attached to them
  2. The other end of the tRNA molecule has an anticodon. If this anticodon is complementary to the codon on the mRNA it will pair up, bringing the amino acid with it.
  3. The order with which the amino acids are brought in depends on the order of bases on the mRNA.
  4. The amino acids will be joined together by the ribosome to form a protein
27
Q

Mutations

A

A rare, random change in the sequence of bases in an organism’s DNA.

28
Q

Mutagen

A

A physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material

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