Topic 3 - Breathing and Respiraton

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

A chemical reaction that occurs in all living cells, whereby energy is released from glucose in the form of ATP

Question 2

Breathing

Answer 2

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 3

Gas exchange

Answer 3

Absorbing oxygen from the air and getting rid of carbon dioxide. Takes place in the alveoli.

Question 4

Alveoli adaptations

Answer 4

• one cell thick walls to reduce diffusion distance
• many alveoli to increase surface area
• network of capillaries reduce diffusion distance
• moist, encouraging the dissolution of gas molecules
• rapid flow of blood maintains steep concentration gradient

Question 5

Limewater

Answer 5

Turns from clear to cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide

Question 6

Hydrogencarbonate indicator

Answer 6

Increasing CO2 = yellow
Atmospheric CO2 = red
Decrease CO2 = purple

Question 7

Cobalt chloride paper

Answer 7

blue -> pink in the presence of water

Question 8

Oxygen debt

Answer 8

the oxygen needed to convert lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water following anaerobic respiration

Question 9

Tar and effect on lungs

Answer 9

• tar sticks to the cilia on the cells of the trachea, so they cannot waft mucus away
• the buildup of mucus means bacteria are trapped in the lungs, causing infection. This can lead to chronic bronchitis.

Question 10

Emphysema

Answer 10

Tar lining the alveoli combined with continuous coughing damage the walls of the alveoli. When divisions in the alveoli are broken down, the surface area is reduced. This decreases the rate of gas exchange

Question 11

Inhalation

Answer 11

• diaphragm contracts and flattens
• intercostal muscles contract to bring ribs up and out
• thorax volume increases
• pressure decreases, drawing air in

Question 12

Exhalation

Answer 12

• diaphragm relaxes and moves up
• intercostal muscles relax, causing ribs to move down and in
• thorax volume decreases
• pressure increases, forcing air out

Question 13

Ribs

Answer 13

bone structure that protects internal organs such as the lungs

Question 14

Intercostal muscles

Answer 14

muscles between the ribs which control their movement, causing inhalation and exhalation

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

sheet of connective tissue and muscle at the bottom of the thorax that helps change thorax volume to allow inhalation and exhalation

Question 16

Trachea

Answer 16

a tube that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs

Question 17

Bronchi

Answer 17

two large tubes branching off the trachea, leading to the lungs

Question 18

Bronchioles

Answer 18

smaller tubes split from bronchi that are connected to alveoli

Question 19

Alveoli

Answer 19

tiny air sacs that are the site of gas exchange

Question 20

Pleural membranes

Answer 20

Thin layers that reduce friction between the lungs and the inside of the chest wall during breathing

Question 21

Pleural fluid

Answer 21

Fluid found between the pleural membrane layers. It further reduces friction during breathing