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Biology > Topic 14 - Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 14 - Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves fusion of two gametes (fertilisation). Offspring produced will be genetically unique.

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

When offspring (clones) are produced from one parent through the mitosis of body cells

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3
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell

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4
Q

Diploid

A

Cells that have the full number of chromosomes in homologous pairs (body cells)

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5
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that have half the normal number of chromosomes (gametes)

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6
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusing of the nuclei of a male and female gamete

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7
Q

Zygote

A

The diploid cell produced following fertilisation

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8
Q

Embryo

A

A cluster of cells formed after the zygote divides several times – the earliest stage of an organism’s development (first 8 weeks for humans)

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9
Q

Fetus

A

An unborn organism but with recognisable features of the species (from 8 weeks for humans)

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10
Q

Placenta

A

An organ that connects a fetus with the uterus wall. It allows essential, nutrient-rich substances to be exchanged between mother and child

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11
Q

Amnion

A

The membrane that encloses the developing foetus

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12
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

The fluid secreted by the amnion that protects the fetus from jolts and bumps

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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The gland at the base of the brain that produces FSH, LH and ADH

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14
Q

Oestrogen

A

A female sex hormone that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics. It also repairs the lining of the uterus

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15
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains uterus lining

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

The male sex hormone that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production

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17
Q

FSH

A

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that is involved with the production of sperm cells in males and the development of eggs in females.

18
Q

LH

A

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes the testes to produce sperm in males and ovulation in females.

19
Q

Glands

A

Where the liquid component of semen is made

20
Q

Urethra

A

A tube through which urine and semen exit the body

21
Q

Scrotum

A

Provides insulation for the testes

22
Q

Penis

A

The part inserted into the vagina during sexual reproduction

23
Q

Testes

A

Where sperm cells and testosterone are found and created

24
Q

Sperm duct (vas deferens)

A

A long muscular tube through which sperm travels from the testes to the penis

25
Q

Foreskin

A

Protective layer of skin that covers the glans of the penis

26
Q

Acrosome

A

An organelle that releases digestive enzymes during fertilisation

27
Q

Haploid nucleus

A

Contains half of the genetic information

28
Q

Flagellum

A

A slender threadlike structure that allows the sperm to travel towards the egg cell. Its pointed shape allows it to be streamlined.

29
Q

Oviduct

A

Where the egg cell travels through to be fertilised in

30
Q

Ovary

A

Where egg cells, progesterone, and oestrogen are produced

31
Q

Cervix

A

A ring of muscle that holds to fetus in place during pregnancy

32
Q

Uterus

A

The location of fetal development

33
Q

Endometrium

A

To provide a nutrient rich and thick, blood-filled space for fetal development

34
Q

Vagina

A

Where the penis is inserted into during sexual reproduction

35
Q

Cortical reaction

A

A process that prevents polyspermy. Only one sperm can enter the egg cell. The egg cell then seals itself

36
Q

Placenta adaptations

A
  • villi are present to increase surface area
  • the blood vessels of the mother and fetus are very close together to provide short diffusion distance
  • steep concentration gradient for efficient diffusion
  • umbilical cord for delivery of nutrients by diffusion
  • many blood vessels
  • amniotic fluid and sac to protect the developing fetus by acting as shock absorbers
37
Q

Effects of smoking during pregnancy

A

CO diffuses unto the fetal blood and binds to haemoglobin. This causes lack of oxygen to be delivered to cells. Respiration rate is reduced, resulting in a lack of energy released. This can cause premature birth and low birth weight.

38
Q

Drinking

A

Conc. of alcohol would be high in fetal blood, which can cause early miscarriages. Later stages of pregnancy: fetal alcohol syndrome can develop, which can cause learning delays and physical abnormalities due to the effect on the brain.

39
Q
A
40
Q

Puberty

A

A time period where bodily changes occur to make an individual reproductively ready. It is caused by the hormones oestrogen and testosterone.

41
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers released from glands that travel through the bloodstream to a target organ. The release is slow and effects are long-lasting.

Biology (17 decks)

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